Tuesday, December 31, 2019

ASAM 5 Notes Essay - 6590 Words

Lecture 1- Stories: a core demand? Saturday, February 8, 2014 2:42 PM Stories: a core demand? Children constantly ask to be read stories The need for narrative may not be as core as. Three parts Minority Literature Minority literature The concept of minority has been central to the very founding of American life and government Metaphors of minorities Invisibility : lock of recognition Notion of otherness: radical difference WEB Dubois, the souls of Black Folk (1903) Historian and writer First African American to receive PhD from Harvard Two primary ideas :The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line. Double consciousness Double consciousness It is peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness,†¦show more content†¦Perhaps I was thinking about my brother and in them I heard my brother. And myself (104) The two share jokes. On India(11) Shows the intimacy only have with brothers. Both brothers have pain. Narrator sees limits abound him; the death of his daughter--the fall of Face. Sonny tries to explain similarities: But nobody just takes it, thats what Im telling you! Everybody tries not to. Youre just hung up on the way some people try-- its not your way! (123-33) Three Generations and Women Sonnys father, mother, uncle Sonny, narrator, Isabel The school boys and the narrators children We assume things from one generation to the next get better. The narrator questions this assumption over and over again (11). A deep fear of what will happen to his children Women as grounding forces Isabel, the mother The social context This particular story gains power and resonance in its social context: the limited life in Harlem The irony is that just couple miles down the island, it is one of the richest place in the world Baldwin makes this immediately clear on the second page of the story. These boy†¦ all those other sounds: (104) Three main issues emerge in this passage: darkness, generation, whistling. Darkness- aimless, blue Whistling- tie to whistling adults do in club The nature of darkness Narrators memory ofShow MoreRelatedThe Substance Abuse/Life Circumstance Evaluation. The Salce1639 Words   |  7 Pagesdrinking issue. †¢ Class 2 Some sign of flighty drinking revealed, without proof of a drinking issue. †¢ Class 3 Irresponsible drinking conduct with conceivable drinking issue showed. †¢ Class 4 Sufficient confirmation to show a drinking issue. †¢ Class 5 Strong sign of center to late-organize alcohol abuse. ALCOHOL ADDICTION EVALUATION Notwithstanding the Alcohol Evaluation Category, the SALCE gives an Alcohol Addiction Evaluation. This assessment reports how much the client relates to indicationsRead MoreThe Agent For Optum Health Behavioral Program1593 Words   |  7 Pagesinjectable’s to OHBP members, however an audit shows 11 members received services (billed as injectable) from Insynergy. Dr. Arturo Taca denies Mr. Turner’s allegations noting he and Insynergy staff doctors utilize the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) criteria for drug screening in outpatient facilities. Insynergy accepts payments from insurance providers, as well as cash payments, also noting there are financing groups available for treatment cost but neither he nor his staff advocates one overRead MoreEmpirical Evidence of Drug Addiction799 Words   |  4 Pagescompulsive eating in obese rats. Nature Neuroscience, 13(5), 635-641. doi:10.1038/nn.2519 3. Karim, R., amp; Chaudhri, P. (2012). Behavioral Addictions: An Overview. Journal Of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(1), 5-17. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.66285 4. The Lance, Volume 357,Issue 9253, Pages 354-357, 3 February 2003 doi; 10,1016/S0140-6736(00)03643-6 5. Smith, D. E. (2012). Editor s Note: The Process Addictions and the New ASAM Definition of Addiction. Journal Of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(1)Read MorePainkillers : Drugs And Drugs Essay2061 Words   |  9 Pagesof years and has recently been getting more attention thanks to social media and the recent overdoses highlighted by the news. Analgesic have great benefits for someone going through pain, but taking painkillers can come a price. It is important to note that prescription Opiates can equate to street cocaine or heroin. Prescription painkillers have negatively affected America by leading to addictions, overdoses and death. Understanding Painkillers Taking painkillersRead MoreAmerican Indian Behavioral Health Assessment Instruments4140 Words   |  17 Pagessubstance abuse subtle screening inventory (SASSI, self-assessment tool [the instrument was not available for review]), addiction severity index (ASI), addiction severity index (ASI Native American version), American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM [usually a computerized version]), and the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9). ASI is a standard (non-cultural-specific), semi-structured interview to gather client information on medical, employment and/or support, substance/alcohol use, legalRead MoreAddictions2169 Words   |  9 Pagesfactors have a big influence on addictions. Alcohol and nicotine are two of the highest addictions in the world. They both come with several negative health impacts. Smoking causes 435,00 premature deaths in the United States every year, as well as 5 million deaths worldwide every year. (Thome, 2009). Alcohol use is linked to different types of cancer, as well as smoking. Many studies have been done to see the best treatments for alcohol addictions. Studies are being done to test genetic factorsRead MoreDddddddddddddddddddddddddd2594 Words   |  11 PagesCampus Recruitment Drive Brochure Year 2010-11 Adani Campus Connect -10/11 Page 1 of 14 CONTENTS 1. Adani Group – Highlights 2. Group’s Diversified Portfolio 3. The Value Chain – Competitive Advantage 4. Business Profiles 5. Corporate Social Responsibility 6. Recruitment Selection Process 7. Compensation Benefits 8. Induction Programme 9. Career Progression Plan 10. Campus Feedback Mechanism Adani Campus Connect -10/11 Page 2 ofRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 PagesPSY4100 Addictions Summer 2012 Final Exam Study Guide NOTE: Your final exam will consist of 100 questions selected from the following, as well as selected questions from in-class tests on Food Addiction and on The Joyful Mind; correct answers to those tests have already been posted to the doc sharing portion of the Ecompanion Website. You can use the answers to check the answers you gave on your chapter study tests. Your final exam is on Wednesday, September 12, 2012; You will have from 8:15AM toRead MoreImplementing Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan5766 Words   |  24 Pagesmain purpose is to magnify and project documents onto a computer screen or wall. This can be particularly useful when wanting to project an entire page of mathematical explanations where the class can see it. This allows students to practice effective note taking. 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Sunday, December 22, 2019

Old Versus Young The Temptation Of Adam And Eve Receive...

Old Versus Young â€Å"The LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul† (Genesis 2:7). The book of Genesis opens with a story of creation; God creates the world and humankind. He fashions a man (Adam) out of dust, and a woman (Eve) from Adam’s rib. God places Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, encouraging them to live and prosper, but not to eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge. Ultimately, Adam and Eve were tempted into eating the fruit, and were punished by God for doing so. Throughout the years, many painters have expressed their own interpretation of this story through their artwork; including James Barry and Pietro Facchetti. The Temptation of Adam by†¦show more content†¦In contrast, Facchetti’s painting depicts Adam with a straighter, more relaxed facial expression without any wrinkles. This shows that Adam is accepting the fruit not considering the consequences he may face if he does decide to eat the fruit and betray God, because his face is expressionless and relaxed, implying that he is not at all bothered by the situation at hand. This is important because it shows Adam not being as able to make his own decision, by giving in to Eve’s persuasion. In addition, Adam s eyes in Barry’s painting are gazing into the bottom left corner at the ground, and his lip is curled down forming a slight frown;as well as his facial features are more structured and pronounced. This shows that Adam is older and able to thoroughly think about the consequences of accepting the fruit, because he has more structured facial features as that of an adult. Also, it shows Adam questioning his situation because he is staring off into the distance and has a frown, indicating that he is weighing his options. This is important because this representation portrays Adam as being a responsible creation of God because, he is wise and looks to be denying eating the forbidde n fruit even though Eve is trying to pressure him into eating it. Furthermore, in the work by Facchetti Adam’s gaze is positioned directly at the fruit, and his lip is curved upward forming a grin; as well as his facial features are

Saturday, December 14, 2019

About Schmidt Free Essays

a . One of the major losses seen in the film is Warren ‘s loss of his wife Helen . There also came a point where Warren learned that his wife had an affair with his best friend . We will write a custom essay sample on About Schmidt or any similar topic only for you Order Now This added up to the grief that he was already bearing . This caused him to think that he was a very inadequate husband and had thought over his shortcomings as a husband . During the time that he was pondering over the matter , it is very evident that lingered on memories and at the same time experiences distress over his daughter ‘s impending marriage. He exhibited Rando ‘s Six R Processes -there is the recognition of the loss , experiencing different emotions ,reviewing his life when his wife was still alive , seeking for forgiveness , and adjusting to the situation . In the long run , he forgives his wife for engaging in the affair and at the same time asks for forgiveness for letting her down . b . As a means of coping , he preoccupied himself with urging his daughter not to marry. He also released tension and distress through his letters for the Tanzanian boy . This together with continuous realization of his life became his coping mechanism . It should be noted that there was a point wherein he think that when he dies and everyone he knows dies it will appear as if he didn ‘t exist . But in the end , he is overwhelmed by what he learned that the Tanzanian boy actually benefited from him and that†¦ How to cite About Schmidt, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Viewing Of Media Broadcasts Animal Cruelty †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Viewing Of Media Broadcasts Animal Cruelty? Answer: Introduction In this paper the chances of applying the principles that are fundamental relating to one of the key religious in the world with respect to the practice of seeking the truth and telling the truth in the contemporary era is being explored and is questioned whether this ethical framework is well matched with the journalism as the fourth estate initiative. According to the researcher, this is however not meant to be a religious exposition since he neither belongs to Buddhism nor he is an expert in the philosophy of Buddhist. It has been stated that none of the topics in the academic paper has arisen like this in just a vacuum, so here he has explained the context related with both personal and professional which has risen with this issue from over the four decades and has strengthened it in the recent year (Barnes, 2015). Most of the academic work in this paper is related to the field of media law where its focus is mainly upon the application of laws and regulations practically to the work done by the journalists. From period to period the undertakings have been venturing into the ethical and regulatory frameworks of media in which the legislative, the philosophical, and self-regulatory framework have informed and related to the investigation of the laws that are actually impacting upon the journalists. Professional, ethical codes are not considered to be the religious treatises neither they are the holy scriptures that are written or spoken as the codes of practice for any kind of specific occupation (Craig, Ketterer Yousuf, 2017). However, in this paper, neither of them is discussed. Rather, it has been set out on exploring the foundational teachings of journalism ethics that are focusing on the purer life might notify the practice of journalism. At some of the stages, it becomes obvious that some of the elements of the libertarian model of the journalism might not be compatible with such kind of principles especially if they are being interpreted in the narro west manner (Deuze Yeshua, 2001). The Significance Simultaneously, the scholars those are most prominent have inclined in exploring the subject with respect to moral theory, social theory and logical theory instead of experimental observations often with inherent understandings and also the assumptions that are derived from the theory of social responsibility. Some of the researchers (for example, Day 1991; Klaidman and Beauchamp 1987) have even discussed the responsibilities of journalists in the context of the broader obligations of journalism in general to the society and in particular to the social responsibility theory (Friend Singer, 2015). While some of the scholars (Hodges 1986; Elliott 1986) have outlined the responsibilities of media with regards to the ethical principles which can be applied to the journalism along with any kind of human interaction in which a choice on moral can be made. The work carried out by Friend Singer is of particular significance with respect to the role of codes in Australia in relation to online journalists face a new ethical dilemma (Friend Singer, 2015). He has extensively written regarding the importance of the individual autonomy and individualism in journalism. During this process, there was a warning against communitarian tendencies. While it was argued by him that it is important for the journalists to combine responsibility and freedom for producing the responsible freedom (Garca-Avils Maci-Barber, 2014). More recently, he explained the views which were reflecting on the concern that is considerable regarding the survival of the idea of press freedom. He even argued for a short time that slowly but unalterably there is an unfolding of the communitarian worldview. Also, he said that the role of code in Australia over the online journalists is in the form of order and the community spirit which can be taken over from the individual ism and from social chaos. By doing so, they will be losing the importance of institution (Giles et al., 2015). Press freedom will be allowing the journalists in Australia to examine and report any case accurately with respect to governments, any big corporations, and the power in their society. Only with the help of press freedom that is genuine, the voters will be able to make informed decisions near the ballot box every two years. Without which the public will be put in the darkness where they will not have any idea of what is actually going on and what is done by government in their name. Recently in Australia, it has been noticed that there were many threats to this code of conduct in restricting the press freedom compelling the way the journalists work and silencing the real news stories from becoming public (Hanusch et al., 2015). It will not be an exaggeration to say that when all these changes are combined the greatest assault is represented by them in Australian on press freedom in peacetime and real journalism in which the public interest is being criminalized. Though press freedom is a global issue campaigning about that for the journalists right in going about their business without any harassment, censorship or persecution is the code of practice of MEAA (Hanusch, 2015). Limitations In the whole summary described above, it seems to be very clear that there would be some limitations with respect to the social responsibility theory as a code of practice in Australia; though it continues to be the fundamentally important in understanding the journalism ethics. However, there are some exceptions other than some of the approaches that have been developed from the perceptions that are based on the communitarianism and other have been sparked by the concern regarding the role of the Western media in the third world (Hanusch, 2013). The limitation is that most of the interpretations that are on the journalism ethics have been grounded in the social responsibility theory or they are being rest on the assumptions which have been derived from the theory of aspects. A good journalism can be testified with thousands of examples with respect to words which can bring the writers, viewers, listeners, and readers to the joy. Equal to this there are many examples which indicated the poor journalism where the limitation is the language which can obscure reduce responses and even stop people from their different thinking (Larsen, 2016). With all the journalistic reports there is an underlying difficulty irrespective of the journalist how much talented they are and the compositions they made, no matter how powerful or moving the end result might be. It is the issue related to language which is the biggest limitation. It is very obvious to observe that any interpretation made by the journalist is mediated by language and that even one of the best reports cannot go beyond the language which is a role of code because the report itself is solely comprised of language. These limitations have been lightened by the (Joyce et al., 2017) an Australian historian. He has observed the survivors of the Holocaust who has made an attempt in recounting their disturbing experiences. It is very common that journalists themselves will be complaining about the inadequacies of the talent, experiences, and resources. However, the journalists are aware of the limitations of the language along back and for many years they have made numerous attempts in overcoming these limitations (Porter Prenzler, 2016). Of course on its own, the journalistic truth cannot be ensured by accuracy. A report made by the journalist can be accurate in content absolutely but at the same time, it might have focused on the things that are marginal to the event which is being reported. Indeed the journalists might often do the lies in the report accurately and the sources of the accurate report will know what had happened (Tiplady, Walsh Phillips, 2015). This kind of situation is even more worsened with the techniques that are used by the journalists in gathering the information. For instance, the attention to the limitations has been drawn by Malcolm (1994) in relation to the interview format. It has been claimed in this is that most of the interviews the interviewer and the subject both will be giving more than what is actually necessary. Case Study In support of the role of code in Australia for the online journalists to face new ethical dilemma there is an example of the case which points out that in Australia there is still the existence of instances relating to overt and implied racism in spite of the code of ethics of journalists, innumerable codes of practice, and the procedures related to the complaints of the Australian (Weiss, 2015)However, this is not the main purpose of the discussion in resolving the debate that is made over the professionalism in journalism. It is significant in presenting the acknowledgment of the consequences for the journalistic ethics in this argument of the debate that is prolonged that is stimulated by the unreliable nature of the connection that exists between professionalism and journalism. There is a consequence that arises because of a conflict between the people who will be claiming that journalism is just considered to be a trade or a craft. But the individual who will be seeking that po sition of journalism is a form of the profession than it means that they have failed in responding to the ethical discussion in the manner where the conservative professionals will be regarded as standards (Tiplady, Walsh Phillips, 2015). The other point is that this debate has diverted the attention of the people from the ground of the unethical conduct of the journalists even after the ethical principles of the journalism are found to be far more significant when compared with the journalists calling them professionals or not. Certainly, the main focus of the argument has been placed upon whether the journalism is a profession or not or what would be the necessary things which can place itself as a profession but fairly the ethical practice of the journalism. When all these factors have been combined, it has helped in explaining why there are no instances in supporting the unethical behavior of journalists. These evaluations have been held widely; hence for instance, it is claimed by Porter Prenzler (2016) that journalists will be differing more, perhaps, in moral probity than in any kind of calling from the high morale and principled to the permanently grubby (Porter Prenzler, 2016) that media responsibility is a n expression that is very close to the oxymoron condition where one will be finding themselves compared with the integrity of police, intelligence of military, and society of Sydney. Although it is not clearly stated that a perspective from a journalist that have risen above is understood in much of the journalistic work that has been published in Australia before. From reports, many instances that are carried in the daily newspapers of Australia have to avail this point. The pointed one is a minor story in which the content and nature are determined clearly by the values of news while the outcome is the combination of the values of the news and the individual viewpoint of a journalist. Recommendations for the alternatives In order to be supportive for the code, it is expected that the report from the ethics review committee of the MEAA (1997) would be apt. In reviewing the code of ethics of MEAA journalists the committee has been set up in the year 1993 (Larsen, 2016). In this report, a brief discussion regarding the role of journalism has been included in general and in particular the codes of ethics. But the terms of reference were specifically directed at the MEAA code and hence some useful recommendations have been incorporated into it about the content and provisions of that code. In this, there was no inclusion of a broader range of theoretical discussion of ethics. By Hanusch et al. journalism ethics has been referred to as the discussion of the objectivity and professionalism incidentally when a revival of the fourth estate notion of the press founded on the notions of journalistic autonomy and independence was called by her. It has been argued by her that however, the role of the press from the fourth estate view is ideal for most of the journalists the forecasts in achieving this have been declined (Hanusch et al., 2015). It is due to the increased concentration of the ownership of media, the increased pressures of commercialism and the ethical standards that are declining have led the public in becoming more cautious of the media. Conclusion Journalism is a sensitive and complex profession due to various reasons. The professionals need to act in a responsible way to share the truth with the masses and the masses need to support the journalists to voice their opinion in the best way possible. The journalism work has a significant impact on the general public and the objective of the profession cannot be fulfilled without the proper support of the people. In case of the online journalism profession, the complexity gets magnified due to the involvement of a larger section of the population. In the complex scenario, the ethical dilemmas need to be carefully identified relating to the new media platform i.e. the internet (Daz-Campo Segado-Boj, 2015). Due to the influence of various factors such as the cultural diversity in the environment, globalization of media, social approach towards media and the crucial impact of technology on journalism, the ethical concerns faced by journalists has heightened. The paper has been speci ally modeled to highlight the ethical concerns faced by the online journalists (Fisher, 2016). The philosophical basis of journalist code of conduct must be understood so that the online journalists can use key journalistic concepts that can help them to make ethical decision-making. The online journalism environment is influenced by a web of external elements that beat the objective of the profession. It is vital to understand such ethical challenges so that the best practice can be adopted by the journalists to share the truth in the open public forum. The language issue that exists in the online journalism platform needs to be effectively tackled so that the disorientation of the news will not take place. The public is extremely sensitivity so responsible journalism practices need to be adopted so that the right message reaches them in the best way possible. The freedom of expression must not be hindered due to language concerns. The journalists are the few individuals that have the power to positively influence the masses to bring about a favourable change in the social front. The writing weapon that they have must be put to the most effective use so that the ethical responsibilities are productively met in the process. They must be able to establish the link between the relevant traditions relating to moral philosophy and the requirements of the public. This responsible journalism approach can enhance its overall functional aspects (Weiss, 2015). Increase in the level of professionalism is a necessity in the journalism field since it can boost the flow of the accurate message. People have the right to be aware of the correct political and social environment that exists around them. Thus all the ethical aspects need to be taken into account while delivering the service to the end users i.e. the general public. There have been a number of instances, where the journalists have exhibited poor professional behaviour. There are instances where these professionals manipulate words of the interviewees in order to get the attention from the public. Such cheap tactics must be avoided by the professionals since their actions have a direct or indirect impact on the public (Weiss, 2015). A vital change that can be brought about in the journalism front can be introduced by the online journalists themselves. Since they are the ones who have the power to bring about a change in the society, their personal ideas and principals need to be strong enough to differentiate between the right and the wrong things. In Australia and in the rest of the world, all the ethical aspects need to be taken into consideration so that the challenges that appear in the path can be effectively removed. The responsible behaviour on part of the online journalists is the need of the times to reduce the amount of chaos that exists in the world. References Barnes, L. (2015). Trauma training in Australia and New Zealand: Necessary but confusing. Australian Journalism Review, 37(1), 121. Craig, D., Ketterer, S., Yousuf, M. (2017). To Post or Not to Post: Online Discussion of Gun Permit Mapping and the Development of Ethical Standards in Data Journalism. Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(1), 168-188. Deuze, M., Yeshua, D. (2001). Online journalists face new ethical dilemmas: Lessons from the Netherlands. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(4), 273-292. Daz-Campo, J., Segado-Boj, F. (2015). Journalism ethics in a digital management: How journalistic codes of ethics have been adapted to the Internet and ICTs in countries around the world. Telematics and Informatics, 32(4), 735-744. Fisher, C. (2016). Ten shades of truth: A study of Australian journalists shift to political PR. Public Relations Review, 42(4), 665-672. Friend, C., Singer, J. (2015).Online journalism ethics: Traditions and transitions. Routledge. Garca-Avils, J. A., Maci-Barber, C. (2014). Journalists' perceptions about regulation and conflicts in their work: the case of Madrid-based news professionals. Observatorio (OBS*), 8(2), 123-142. Giles, E. L., Holmes, M., McColl, E., Sniehotta, F. F., Adams, J. M. (2015). Acceptability of financial incentives for breastfeeding: thematic analysis of readers comments to UK online news reports. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 15(1), 116. Hanusch, F., Clifford, K., Davies, K., English, P., Fulton, J., Lindgren, M., ... Zion, L. (2015). Australian journalism students' professional views and news consumption: Results from a representative study. Australian Journalism Review, 37(1), 5. Hanusch, F. (2015). Transformative times: Australian journalists' perceptions of changes in their work. Media International Australia, 155(1), 38-53. Hanusch, F. (2013). Journalists in times of change: Evidence from a new survey of Australias journalistic workforce. Australian Journalism Review, 35(1), 29-42. Larsen, A. G. (2016). Investigative Reporting in the Networked Media Environment: Journalists use of social media in reporting violent extremism. Journalism Practice, 1-15. Joyce, V. D. M. H., Saldaa, M., Weiss, A. S., Alves, R. C. (2017). Ethical perspectives in Latin Americas journalism community: A comparative analysis of acceptance of controversial practice for investigative reporting. International Communication Gazette, 1748048516688131. Porter, L. E., Prenzler, T. (2016). The code of silence and ethical perceptions: Exploring police officer unwillingness to report misconduct. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies Management, 39(2), 370-386. Tiplady, C. M., Walsh, D. B., Phillips, C. J. C. (2015).Ethical issues concerning the public viewing of media broadcasts of animal cruelty.Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 28(4), 635-645. Weiss, A. S. (2015). The digital and social media journalist: A comparative analysis of journalists in Argentina, Brazil, economics, Mexico, and Peru. International Communication Gazette, 77(1), 74-101.

Friday, November 29, 2019

5 Steps to a Successful Personal Statement

The college application consists of many pieces, but the one that ties it all together is the personal statement. With so much pressure to produce your best piece of writing, where do you begin? We asked Marcella Manoharan, co-founder of Cambridge Coaching, to show us the way: Your personal statement. Maybe you’ve thought about it, or maybe you haven’t. Maybe you have images, or an anecdote, or an argument floating through your imagination – or maybe you don’t. Either way, my first piece of advice is: stay cool, this will get done. My next piece of advice? Pretend your personal statement is something you have to build from the ground up. Like a lego set, or a piece of furniture, or a house. Then: follow the steps. I know what you’re thinking: what are the steps? That’s what this blog post is for. Follow these steps and I promise you will have a personal statement. These steps are fail-safe. Step #1: Brainstorm The idea is to loosen your mind and imagination, and to let the stories just sorta flow. But this is much, much easier said than done. The vast majority of our clients at Cambridge Coaching find this sort of looseness very difficult to achieve. This is a little like going to yoga class and being told to think about nothing, to let your mind relax, and then, obviously, thinking about EVERYTHING, including that quesadilla you’re going to get right after class. The point is it’s hard to get loose about the most important things in your life at the most important moment in your life. So, what can you do? Brainstorm within a structure. I recommend a simple grid. On one axis, list your most important resume experiences (soccer, soup kitchen, the school play, etc.). On the other axis, list themes: leadership, adversity, community, impact, team, etc. Now: rather than brainstorming about your whole life, you can brainstorm about pairs of experiences and themes. So, the time you mobilized your class to volunteer at the soup kitchen could be an example of leadership, for instance. Do this for at least 3 – 5 experiences. Step #2: Outline You’ve heard it from your teachers in English: outline, outline. Believe in the power of the outline. Even for the personal statement. Actually scratch that: especially for the statement. Embarking on the personal statement without an outline is a little like trying to build a house without a blueprint: bad idea. I recommend two or more rounds of outlining. In the first round, or the sketch outline, you’ll articulate your thesis and make a rough plan for where your ideas and narratives will go. In the next round, you’ll sharpen the plan, which means you’ll create topic sentences and firm up what evidence goes where. At this point, it should be possible to understand the logic of the essay by looking just at the topic sentences. Don’t move on until you have distilled the topic sentences into clear, logical points in your argument. Step #3: Draft The moment you’ve been waiting for: the actual writing. You have music going, herbal tea, scented candles. It’s like a trance, except you’re staring at the blank screen and you realize you have no idea what you’re doing. What do you do now? Open the outline and write directly into it. This is why you went through the trouble of creating it! So that when you reached this awful moment, there would be something for you to do. Remember: the outline is your roadmap, your Google maps. Don’t know where you’re going? Follow the outline. And the converse is also true: deviate from the outline at your peril. Step #4: Edit Finally, you have a real, live draft. Nope, you’re not done. Now, lay it aside – minimum of 24 hours – and come back to the draft after you’ve taken space. Here are the questions to ask yourself: Is the point of each paragraph clear? Do you have topic sentences, either implicit or explicit? Does your evidence line up with your topic sentences? Are you using the simplest language to express your ideas? Editing is iterative. You need at least 2 – 3 rounds of this process. Don’t rush it; keep rereading. Now is the time to be a little harsh, too. Cut words, reframe ideas, push yourself to be as clear as possible. Step #5: Polish This is the fun part! The window-dressing. Polishing and proofreading are about making the best possible impression on your readers. I am fond of two strategies in particular, both of which start with printing the document. Then, first strategy is to read the essay aloud. You will catch anything clunky or awkward this way. Second strategy is to hold a piece of paper up to the document and read it line by line slowly. Hey, you’ve come this far! Just use both strategies and call it perfect. Okay, so I said 5 steps, but I lied a little. There’s a sixth step for those of you who want some support in this process. If you would like a guide, a mentor, a reader, and an editor to keep you on the right track, contact Cambridge Coaching! This is what we do, and we have been getting awesome students like you into the best colleges, including all Ivies, since 2005. How crazy would it be if the college process could actually be just a teensy bit fun? And, you got into the school of your choice? #anythingispossible

Monday, November 25, 2019

Sex and Violence on Television essays

Sex and Violence on Television essays This movie is about Jamal Wallace. Jamal meets William Forrester, who is a Pulitzer Prize winner. Jamals friends dare him to go into Forresters apartment because Forrester was always watching them through binoculars. When Jamal gets caught, he runs out, but forgets his notebook and belongings. William Forrester gives him his belongings back with comments of his own. After that, they develop a good friendship. One teaching aspect I found was mentoring. Jamal would get Cs for his schoolwork, which was average, but in reality he was a straight A student. Forresters mentoring brought out the best out of Jamal. Jamal was a gifted student, but he didnt realize that until he got that little push from his mentor Forrester. I found, from watching this movie, that talents should not be hidden. I liked this movie a lot because it was hopeful and encouraging. This movie is about a math teacher named Jaime Escalante. He went to Garfield High School to teach computer science. This movie takes place in 1982 in East Los Angeles, CA. He was expecting to teach computer science, but instead he teaches calculus. The class is told that they are going to be taught AP calculus. The students dont like the idea when they realize the amount of work it will take to pass calculus. One teaching aspect I found in this movie is that instead of Mr. Escalante focusing on his students limitations, he chose to focus in their potential. Mr. Escalante was able to relate to any type of student and motivate them by raising their self-expectations. Overall, this movie is inspirational and great! This movie is about Mark Thackeray. He is an engineer but then is out of work. Since Mark Thackeray is out of work, he then decides to take on a job as a teacher in London. The story takes place in the rough east end. Since hes teaching the kids from the dock workers, Mr. ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Deforestation In the amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deforestation In the amazon - Essay Example Agriculture is major factor influencing deforestation in the Amazon as individuals consider it a necessity for life to prosper on the planet. Before, age the Amazon rainforest was protected because individuals were hunters and gatherers hence did not venture into farming. However, changing times has forced individuals and the government to make unwise concession to allow the food growth into the region is a main source of rainfall. Allowing food growth to sustain life does not mean that major sites like the Amazon rain forest should be destroyed. Unfortunately that has been reason behind the deforestation activities going on around the Amazon. The rainforest is slowly being lost as the land in which it is based is being cleared by individuals to enable them practice agriculture in the region. Different land clearing techniques which care harmful to the environment and to the rainforest like slush and burn have been adopted by individuals and are used in clearing the Amazon forest (Ca mpari 2). The slash and burn technique is a cheap way of clearing land in preparation for agricultural activities. Individuals living around the Amazon use it to cut down trees and clear bushes before setting fire on the area to get rid of the cut and cleared trees and bushes. It is also an efficient way which has been proved to be cause of the deforestation in the Amazon as very little costs is associated with accomplishing the tasks. In addition, the situation is further aggravated by the lack proper techniques for farming leading to a speedy desert formation in the Amazon area which for centuries has been considered to be full of fauna and flora life (Campari 83). Moreover, over the last year, the Amazon rainforest experienced an increased rate of forest fires caused by the slush and burn used by the locals in the region. Additionally, individuals keeping cattle have also

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Should Police Murderers Receive Whole-Life Jail Sentences Essay

Should Police Murderers Receive Whole-Life Jail Sentences - Essay Example The murder of a police officer is not just a normal crime considering that it is an impeachment of law enforcement institution. A police murderer is a threat not only to the society but also to the government in place in a state. A police officer has no exceptional life as that of a regular citizen. However, the punishment that should be imposed to a police murderer should be of higher legislation levels following the impact the murder of a police officer has to the face of citizens. Consequently, it is genuine for judges to impose a whole-life jail sentence to police murderers to send a clear signal for the criminals determined to evade the laws set in a state. Police officers have an important role in protecting citizens from criminals and law-breakers. Considerably, most of the police murder crimes happen because of the identity and role of the police officer in preventing criminal activities, which threatens the criminals’ life and their freedom to break law. The death of one police officer, especially by police murders, leaves a substantial number of citizens in the hands of criminals. This possess abundant problem to state security, which is protected by the police (Travis 2013).

Monday, November 18, 2019

Demographics of Democrats vs. Republicans Research Paper

Demographics of Democrats vs. Republicans - Research Paper Example However, now that we are a month away from the presidential elections November 6th and the political arena seems to be on fire as Obama and Romney try to garner votes for their campaigns especially after their debate the last week, this made me curious and made me decide to conduct a research on the demographics of Democrats and Republicans. I know it’s not that important to many of us, but have you ever wondered which party has the highest number of highly educated members? Which is the dominant religion in the Senate? Or which party has the highest number of military men in the house? The tectonic plates of the American politics are shifting, and the demographic forces are reshaping the electorate and the major political parties. I have done some research on these parties and compiled the population characteristics of the 1) wealth (economic status), 2) education and intellect, 3) religion. A large number of Americans consider the Republican Party to be the party of the rich (Osterman, 28). Surprisingly the majority of the banks in America are in support of Romney based on their generous contributions to the Republicans. The investment bank is on the forefront having contributed $637,000, and JP Chase Bank, JP Morgan and Bank of America follow closely and as we all know banks are the hearts of our economic system. On the other hand, Democrats are supported by companies led by Microsoft, which has donated $419,000 for the elections campaign than Google and Harvard University. The wealthiest Americans are Republicans while the largest number of poor and middle-class Americans favors Democrats. Republicans are economically conservative, and their policies seem to favor the rich people and institutions such as the Wall Street (Levine, 27). The ideological centers of gravity towards the finance industry between the two parties are the causes of the wealth alignment.  

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Teenage Smoking in Canada Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a society where it is not unusual to see a ten year old child smoking a cigarette in public, where large tobacco companies sponsor all big sporting events and where smoking advertisements are everywhere you look, how can it be understood that what is going on is a form of suicide. Smoking is comparable to a serial killer; a cigarette acts as the weapon used by tobacco companies and its victims subjecting themselves by their own free will to participate in the crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The governments of the United States and many other countries have chosen to regulate addictive substances, like cigarettes, via taxation; minimum-age purchase laws; restrictions on consumption in schools, the workplace, and public places; and stiff fines for driving under the influence of alcohol. The prices of these substances will rise because of taxation; other forms of regulation, and bans. Thus, measuring their responsiveness to price is important in determining the optimal level of taxation and the impacts of legalization. Contrary to conventional wisdom, studies find that the consumption of addictive substances is quite sensitive to price.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teen smoking has been increasing since 1991. There are economic, psychological and sociological factors that play an important role in this increase.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economically, cigarettes are highly advertised, extremely affordable and accessible to practically anyone. As for the advertisement aspect in the sale of cigarettes, tobacco companies spend billions of dollars per year to advertise their brands. This money is spent on the actual advertisement, and also on manipulating the subconscious minds of teenagers. (Reynolds, 1999) Billboards and magazines lure teenagers to smoke, by using teen idols and appealing photos in their ads. The Canadian Government has been attempting to put a stop to tobacco industries using teen idols in selling their products, by passing Bill C-71, a legislation that forbids tobacco companies from putting up signs for events in which they sponsor. The car racer and teen idol, Jacques Villeneuve can no longer be advertised in his car racing suit as Rothman's cigarettes advertisements are highly visible on it, as this would give off a negative message to teens who look up to him. The only exceptio n to this law however, is that the signs may be put up at the site of the event, in bars or in newspaper... ...by the behavior of their parents is central to many considerations of health and social behavior. Many teenagers begin smoking to feel grow-up. However, if they are still smoking when they reach 30, the reason is no longer to feel like an adult; at this point, they are smoking from habit. Goodwin, D. W., Guze, S. B. (1984).Young children who see older children or family members smoking cigarettes are going to equate smoking with being grown up. Patterns of both drinking and smoking, which are closely associated, are strongly influenced by the lifestyles of family members peers and by the environments in which they live. Minimal, moderate, and heavy levels of drinking, smoking, and drug use, among family members are strongly associated with very similar patterns of use among adolescents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To conclude, one can look economically at the cost of cigarettes, the accessibility of cigarettes, and the amount of money put into advertisements for tobacco. Also psychologically at the effects and real meaning of ads and at females ideas and misconceptions about smoking. And, finally sociologically, peer and family influence play a huge role in the increase of teen smokers.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Robot Operating System

ROS (Robot Operating System) is a framework for robot software development, providing operating system-like functionality on top of a heterogenous computer cluster. ROS was originally developed in 2007 under the name switchyard by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in support of the Stanford AI Robot (STAIR[1]) project. As of 2008, development continues primarily at Willow Garage, a robotics research institute/incubator, with more than twenty institutions collaborating in a federated development model [1][2].ROS provides standard operating system services such as hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly-used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management. It is based on a graph architecture where processing takes place in nodes that may receive, post and multiplex sensor, control, state, planning, actuator and other messages. The library is geared towards a Unix-like system (Ubuntu Linux is listed as ‘supp orted' while other variants such as Fedora and Mac OS X are considered ‘experimental') but is intended to be cross-platform.At present Windows is listed as having ‘partial functionality' [3]. ROS has two basic â€Å"sides†: The operating system side ros as described above and ros-pkg, a suite of user contributed packages (organized into sets called stacks) that implement functionality such as simultaneous localization and mapping, planning, perception, simulation etc. ROS is released under the terms of the BSD license, and is open source software. It is free for commercial and research use. The ros-pkg contributed packages are licensed under a variety of open source licenses.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Life in the Chiaroscuro Essays

Life in the Chiaroscuro Essays Life in the Chiaroscuro Paper Life in the Chiaroscuro Paper The novel depicts the political situation in Milwaukee in 1904 to be very corrupt and dishonest in every way. Police officers would not put people in jail because â€Å"there was no evidence† when there was clearly evidence that they would just ignore. The government was corrupt in the sense that the elected officials would do things to benefit themselves and their friends who help them. Everyone in the police force would look out for those people who the mayor told them to look out for. This is why those who were supposed to be in jail, are not. The high up officials who were part of the corruption had the means to destroy anyone who went against them. They had the power to do whatever they wanted and never suffer any type of consequence. I think that this is an accurate portrayal of corruption and politics in Milwaukee in this time period because there are very many similarities in the book and what actually happened. David Stuart Rose served five terms as mayor in Milwaukee. His corrupt mindset was held in office for 10 years. â€Å"He was elected in 1898 until 1906 and again in 1908-1910. He suggested improving the port by building docks off of Jones Island. He said that the rivers were becoming inadequate to meet the demands of trade. He was rumored to have accepted $50,000 from an electric utility but he was never found guilty in court. He was known for his corrupt administrative. He allowed brothels and casinos to operate even though it was against Milwaukee rules. While he was mayor, police were asked to turn â€Å" blind eye† upon the request of City Hall. After people started to realize what was going on, he was eventually elected out of office and a Socialist was elected in. Emil Seidel was the first Socialist mayor of Milwaukee in 1910. The book also depicts politics in 1904 in Milwaukee accurately because in the book, it says that Theodore Roosevelt makes a speech and is shot in the middle of it. Without leaving to seek medical help, he stood there and finished his 90 minutes speech. Theodore Roosevelt really did give that speech in Milwaukee. John Schrank also, in fact, shot him because he thought that a president should not serve more that two terms. Schrank was caught and spent the rest of his life in a mental hospital. After Roosevelt was shot, he went on with his speech and said, â€Å"Friends, I shall ask you to be as quiet as possible. I dont know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot; but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose. But fortunately I had my manuscript, so you see I was going to make a long speech, and there is a bullet there is where the bullet went through and it probably saved me from it going into my heart. The bullet is in me now, so that I cannot make a very long speech, but I will try my best. Some of the goals of American Socialist reformers in the early 1900’s were â€Å"low-cost housing, workers compensation, old-age pensions, public ownership of municipal services, and labor reform. † These goals compare to the goals of the American Socialist reformers in the novel because the reformers in the novel want to take care of corruption and get the mayor out of office. They want things to be better for everyone living in Milwaukee, not ju st the mayor and his friends. The American Socialist reformers wanted better pay, better jobs, and better benefits for workers. They wanted to prove to the people of Milwaukee that they do not need David Rose to be in power. They wanted to show that a socialist can do just fine in office, if not better than Rose. The American Socialist reformers were still not very popular so they wanted to gain popularity with the people. â€Å"While the Socialist Party was on the rise in America, it was still fairly limited in strength. Eugene Debs would never be president. As for the mayor, I was not so sure. † The role that ethnicity and race play into the novel is that people were segregated and treated differently by society as a whole. On Jones Island, it was mostly Polish and German people known as Kashubes. They were far away from the city life, living on technically a peninsula all by themselves with almost no visitors going there. They were not wealthy at all and lived in houses â€Å"so close together that you could, if you so chose, stand on one rickety porch while shaking hands with someone standing on the porch next door. † Another way ethnicity and race play into the novel is when Benjamin’s father told him when he was a boy that â€Å"you’d best avoid the wrong sort of people. Gamblers, politicians, and negroes. His father thought that in order to succeed and to stay out of trouble, he must avoid those types of people. When Benjamin walked into Slaughter’s Turf Cafe, he noticed that the people in there are the exact people who his father told him to avoid. This book is very valuable to Milwaukee because people who actually live there everyday should know what happened in their own backyard. The way basically the entire government in the city of Milwaukee was corrupt is a bit disturbing. The way things used to be politically was completely corrupt and there is no doubting that. I found the book to be extremely interesting and I loved learning about what happened in a city that is so well known in today’s society. I’m sure that the people of Milwaukee who read this book are very shocked to know what happened in the city they live in. I would expect that even the people who are not very interested in history, found it to be very fascinating to learn about what happened before their time. This book is also very valuable as a supplement to the study of American history in general because we, as Americans, should know and understand the way things used to be. It is important to learn about corruption in the government because corruption was part of the reason why some of the movements were started. It is also important because through corruption, people started to realize that the people they were voting in were only helping themselves. This made people start thinking more on whom they wanted in office and what issues they wanted changed. Putting the supernatural aspects aside, A Life in Chiaroscuro is a believable and compelling story depicting life in a typical American city. I think it is like a typical American city because back in the 1900’s, corruption was not an uncommon thing. Corruption was everywhere in many cities especially big, major cities. The government did not necessarily want to take over everything in a city. They wanted to do things to benefit themselves. There is a part in the book that shows that elected government officials link themselves to important businessmen to help themselves out and their friends. â€Å"In the midst of it all, the mayor lines his pockets with bribes from the industrial sector, particularly from John Beggs. In big cities during the 1900’s, there were many people involved in corruption. There were elected officials, police officers, businessmen, and even just wealthy people who wanted to become wealthier. This is a perfect example of the people in the book and what they did to become more powerful and wealthier than they already were. [ 1 ]. Ferguson, Paul-Thomas. A Life in Chiaroscuro. Rock Isla nd, Illinois: Paul-Thomas Ferguson, 2008. Print. [ 2 ]. mule (Civil War). Wisconsin Historical Society. Wisconsin Historical Society, 1996. Web. . [ 3 ]. Kestenbaum, Lawrence. Index to Politicians: Rose. The Political Graveyard. Lawrence Kestenbaum, 1996. Web. . [ 4 ]. Ferguson, Paul-Thomas. A Life in Chiaroscuro. Rock Island, Illinois: Paul-Thomas Ferguson, 2008. Print. 30. [ 5 ]. Rogina, Jeffries L. It Takes More Than That to Kill a Bull Moose: The Leader and The Cause. About Theodore Roosevelt: President and More, from The Theodore Roosevelt Association. The Theodore Roosevelt Association, June 1998. Web. . [ 6 ]. Norton, Mary Beth, David M. Katzman, David W. Blight, Howard Chudacoff, and Fredrik Logevall. A People and a Nation: A History of Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, David M Katzman, David W. Blight, Howard Chudacoff. Google Books. Suzanne Jeans, 2008. Web. . [ 7 ]. Ferguson, Paul-Thomas. A Life in Chiaroscuro. Rock Island, Illinois: Paul-Thomas Ferguson, 2008. Print. 149. [ 8 ]. Ferguson, Paul-Thomas. A Life in Chiaroscuro. Rock Island, Illinois: Paul-Thomas Ferguson, 2008. Print. 32. [ 9 ]. Ferguson, Paul-Thomas. A Lif e in Chiaroscuro. Rock Island, Illinois: Paul-Thomas Ferguson, 2008. Print. 65. [ 10 ]. Ferguson, Paul-Thomas. A Life in Chiaroscuro. Rock Island, Illinois: Paul-Thomas Ferguson, 2008. Print. 155.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Comparing crime myths and facts

Comparing crime myths and facts There is little consensus about the definition of "crime". The media advertises crime by what acts are reacted to by the police and courts whereas a lawyer sees crime as acts that have been defined as crimes by the written law. A myth can be defined as a belief or story that has been associated with an occurrence, so, crime myths are beliefs about crime not supported by appropriate statistics or research. Therefore, crime facts are what criminal acts are actually happening revealed by evidence. Juvenile crime myths are to be used in this essay to compare and contrast crime myths and facts in four discussions by focusing particularly on juvenile crime.This report begins by examining the developments and motivations of myths produced by the media and the government and then secondly contrasting this with the developments and motivations of crime facts produced from various measures to show resemblances in accuracy.Map of violent crimes in 2006 in Chicago community...Next, as a result f rom the above analysis, it will be argued that majority of juvenile crime is non-violent, dispelling the media created myth that all juvenile crime is violent. Lastly, drawing on statistics, it will be proven that juvenile crime is not on the rise regardless of the sudden focus in juvenile crime today by the media. It is concluded that juvenile crime rates are relatively stable and the best way to get a comprehensive outlook on crime is through statistical research rather than succumbing to the medias 'representations' of crime.The first point of discussion is that the media is a huge perpetuator of crime myths and fallacies creating trend stories because sensationalism sells. The media and other contributing factors such as the government select our crime problems for us and focus our attention on social issues (Kappeler, 2003). Newspapers, television, radio and the Internet together...

Monday, November 4, 2019

ANALYSE THE WIDER IMPACT(S) UPON THE WORLD ECONOMY OF THE RISE OF THE Essay

ANALYSE THE WIDER IMPACT(S) UPON THE WORLD ECONOMY OF THE RISE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CHINA - Essay Example On the other hand, economic growth is always accompanied with military power advancement (Perkins 2009). China invests highly in military power and therefore makes future security levels unpredictable since no one is sure of how the nation will use its power if by any chance it happens to be the world’s most powerful nations. Therefore, since China’s growth is progressive and promising, the rest of the world ought to be ready for the expected advanced impact. Export of both products and labour as well as foreign direct investments makes the greatest percentage of Chinese GDP growth. The implication is that China’s economy greatly depends on its relation with other economies. To China, the overdependence on exports pose minimal threat if any, given that China does not only enjoy competitive advantage over other economies but also has a government policy that supports foreign relations. Notably, China’s initial economic bump up recorded in early 1970’s was attributed to internal factors with negligible dependence on exports. As matter o fact, this initial economic growth resulted from increase in domestic consumption and government expenditure (Zhu & Kotz 2010). China is densely populated and thus provides a reliable market for its manufacturing products. Notably, the increased domestic consumption resulted from a transformation of Chinese economy from agricultural nation to an industrial economy, but maintained a some how closed economy. By then, China’s growth had little or no economic impact on the global economy. The rapid growth in GDP provoked an urge for extra market and hence led to the incorporation of ‘market reform’ policy in 1978 (Zhu & Kotz 2010). This policy saw China enter the global market in search for market of their excess production. China might not be well endowed with capital, as

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Critique of a research paper qualitative in nature Assignment

Critique of a research paper qualitative in nature - Assignment Example The sample sizes of GPs and care home professionals were 3 and 8 respectively. Sample sizes of care home residents and family members were 23 and 2 respectively. On introspection from an academic researchers’ point of view, these sample sizes leave some ambiguity regarding the procedure adopted in selecting the sample. The researcher has not clarified which scientific method of sampling was adopted in selecting this sample. This raises a doubt about the authenticity and validity of this study. One definition of validity in research is that â€Å"we have reached the goal of validity when our statements or conclusions about empirical reality are correct† (Engel and Schutt, 2005, p.18). This research exercise is ambivalent, when considered from the angle of â€Å"measurement validity, generalizability, and causal validity,† which are the three aspects of validity as far as social science research is concerned (Engel and Schutt, 2005, p.19). This is so because no pro per measurement has been made by this research exercise, it has very limited generalizability because of the erratic sampling and also the cause of change has not been properly identified in terms of dependent variables other than the adoption of LES. There could be locally specific and institution-specific causal factors. Another matter of concern is that the sample size seems to be too small to be in agreement with the existing social science research norms. It has been observed, â€Å"you would need a very large sample in order to have a chance of finding an impact of social work† (Gorard, 2003, p.61). Though this notion has been somewhat changed after approval for qualitative research with smaller sample sizes grew, the extremely small sample size (with no consistency while selecting respondents from each category) in this research limits its scope of application to the narrow geographical area in which it is conducted. And it has to be reminded, â€Å"by convention, [â € ¦] thirty comprises the magic number for the allowable minimum sample size† (Seidman, Seidman and Abeyesekere, 2001, p.174). In this research, it can be seen that no sample from any of the categories of respondents chosen by the researcher meets this criteria. The researcher has said that, the â€Å"interviews were [†¦] open-ended and required participants to reflect on their general experiences of GPs and the ease of accessing support, and comment on any improvements to the service† (Briggs, 2011, p.6). Though open-ended questions are more suitable for small sample sizes, it has to be remembered, â€Å"open-ended questions are far more difficult to code† (McNabb, 2010, p.118). The researcher in this particular study has not given any information on the data collection procedure and also the coding of the data thus collected. This has badly affected the credibility of this study. At the same time, the research has fulfilled the ethical conditions require d in such a venture, by following the â€Å"established procedures† as prescribed by the British Sociological Association (Briggs, 2011, p.6). The researcher has maintained transparency by admitting that the â€Å"review [that was carried out] was not commissioned as research and therefore ethical approval was not required† (Briggs, 2011, p

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Banned Pesticides by US Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Banned Pesticides by US Companies - Essay Example Because of ban, companies have resorted to selling their products in cheaper prices and dumping them in developing countries in order to flush-out their existing big stocks. In North, the Government had put a ban on the pesticide called â€Å"Methyl bromide† because of being health hazards and harmful effects to the ozone layer. In spite of being aware of its hazardous effects, it was being openly sold especially in third world countries. Eddleston, M. et al. (2002) examined, â€Å"In 1985, the UN Food and agriculture Organisation (FAO) produced a voluntary code of conduct for the pesticide industry in an attempt to limit the harmful effects of pesticides. Unfortunately, a lack of adequate government resources in the developing world makes this code ineffective, and thousands of deaths continue today.† Redmond, D. (2002) stated, â€Å"The United States is one of the largest exporters of pesticides in the world. Many of the pesticides are so dangerous that they are banned for use in the United States. There is no doubt that the use of these pesticides in the third world countries where they are exported is devastating. "But we are victims too. Pesticide exports create a circle of poison" by returning to the United States in the food we import.† Machipisa, L. (1995) quoted in his article, "If we have stocks we should destroy them. It is wrong to go and create a problem in the South when we in the North do not think it is good for us," said Herren. "One should look for alternatives before and not dump it, because it will lead its abuse.† In conclusion, I would appeal the Companies, involved in this abusive business, to please stop playing with human lives for the sake of few dollars.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Total Knee Arthroplasty Essay Example for Free

Total Knee Arthroplasty Essay Etiology and Pathology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The knee functions as a type of biological transmission whose purpose is to accept and transfer range of loads between and among the femur, patella, tibia, and fibula without causing structural or metabolic damage. Arthritic knees are like living transmissions with worn bearings that have limited capacity to safely accept and transmit forces. Arthritis of the knee can be restricted to a monoarticular clinical manifestation, or it may be a part of an oligo-or polyarticular disease. A careful anamnesis and clinical examination will allow the clinician to classify the clinical presentation of arthritis of the knee into disease groups such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis spondyloarthropathy, or miscellaneous arthritic diseases. Infectious arthritis presents typically as an (sub) acute inflammatory monoarthritic disease. Up to 90 % of infectious arthritis cases present as monoarthritis. The only exception is gonococcal arthritis, which presents more commonly as a migratory polyarthritis. If the condition is unrecognized, joint destruction will occur rapidly. In confronting the athlete who will undergo the operation it is important for me to discuss a working hypothesis and ultimately critical to arrive to the most likely diagnosis. The clinical history of the patient is to be well studied it is a demanding task and a lot of circumstantial evidence can evolve from a full history of the current problem , past medical conditions, and the family history. Kinds of Pain The nature of the pain that he might encounter and the reason he needs to undergo TKA belongs to â€Å"the basics†, whether it is mechanical, inflammatory, neuropathic, or poorly defined.   Mechanical pain occurs when the joint is used; walking becomes difficult and especially climbing stairs causes problems. On resting, there is less pain. Starting pain and stiffness are very characteristics of a more advanced mechanical pain pattern. Inflammatory pain typically presents at night. More specifically, the second part of the night become troublesome, and patients need to go out of bed and move. They experience morning stiffness for at least one hour, and this stiffness diminishes progressively as the pain begins to move. When pain is neuropathic in origin, a typical distribution pattern corresponding to the innervations’ is found. Psychosomatic pain has no typical presentation or distribution. Complaints are always more impressive than the clinical findings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consider asking the patient of how long the knee problem has existed, when pain and swelling have been present for less than 6 weeks, the problem is acute. Beyond 6 week’s duration, the term chronic is used and implies that spontaneous healing of the arthritis is unlikely.   It is also important to look for circumstantial evidence. Did the trauma occur just before the knee swelling began? Did the patient have an episode of fever such as angina, gastroenteritis, or arthritis? Does the patient have other clinical conditions that could be linked to the knee arthritis, such as skin problems (psoriasis, erythema nodosum), chronic diarrhea as seen inflammatory bowel disease, and eye problems such as uveitis or scleritis? In this setting a complete familial history can also add useful information. Advantages of Total Knee Arthroplasty Consistent reproducible results Correction of mechanical alignment Addressing all knee compartments Long term (greater than 90%) 10 year survivorship Drawbacks Postoperative pain which can endure for months Prolonged recovery sometimes inferior Patient satisfaction With extensive exposure required to align and implant the total knee arthroplasty, there is significant damage to the quadriceps muscle both in cutting into the musculature itself as well as damage with eversion of the patella and prolonged stretch to the quadriceps mechanisms intraoperatively. Muscle damage is permanent and can limit postoperative strength and/or function. Surgical Procedure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the surgery is performed usually blood count, electrolytes, APTT and PT to measure blood clotting, chest X-rays, ECG, and blood cross matching for possible transfusion. Accurate X-rays of the knee are needed to measure the size of components which will be needed. Medications such as warfarin and aspirin will be stopped some days before surgery to reduce the amount of bleeding. The athlete may be admitted on the day of surgery if the pre-op work up is done in the pre-anesthetic clinic or may come into hospital one or more days before surgery. Recent improvements in technology have led to a confusing spectrum of choices for both the patient and surgeon in treating monocompartmental knee arthritis. The obvious need to get the surgery done right, there are now pressures to â€Å"do it quickly† and with a minimal scar and reduced disability time. The combination of patient’s demands and expectations with actual surgical possibilities may be challenging. To this end, a logical structuring of options is in this order: Osteotomies Unincompartmental knee arthroplasty Total knee arthroplasty The indications and more importantly, the contraindications of the surgical procedures often results in overlap of options that must be considered for any given clinical situation. The appropriateness of any of these procedures should be considered in light of their relative indications and problems. These include patient age, activity level, expected longevity of the procedure, reliability of the procedure to bring about the expected goal, and ease of revision in the event of failure. Of equal importance are the contraindications to the procedures including contracture, deformity, ligament contracture or insufficiency, and bone deficiency. The relative value of an osteotomy stands in inverse proportion to the patient’s age. Younger patient’s demands on an implant that will not stand the test of time, with failure due to wear or fixation failure. Considering that the patient is an athlete, athletic activities after the operation such as jumping and running are associated with surface loads in excess of the limits of the polyethylene.   The hazards of heavy or repetitive loading, deep knee bending and the lifting activities that accompany a variety of occupations and activities may loosen or damage prosthesis. Research Probability on Different methods on Knee Surgery Long term results of osteotomy show a gradual decline in function and recurrence of deformity. Hungerford et al reported that on ninety-two knees with a good or excellent rating after osteotomy at two years. At ten years only fifty-eight knees (61%) maintained this level 13. Parvizi et al reported on fifty-eight patients with a mean fifteen year follow up. There were only 55% good to excellent results. Twenty-six patients formed subsets that have been reviewed previously. At eight years, there were 73% good to excellent results, declining to 46% at eighteen years. Technical Problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technical problems of total knee arthroplasty after closing wedge osteotomy include: difficulties in gaining exposure, bony deficiencies necessitating grafts or wedges, difficulties in attaining ligament balance, prolonged surgical time and increased blood loss. Lonner et al recommended reserving the procedure for young, active overweight patient only 15.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Justification for the procedure in high demand patients is more difficult. Bellemans and Co author have reported range of motion between 120 and 130 degrees with enhanced functional potential for activities of daily living including stair climbing and transfer function.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Osteotomy has some contraindications including: various deformities greater that 10 degrees, flexion contracture more than 20 degrees, limited range of motion, ligament insufficiency including the anterior cruciate, and patellofemoral (Kurtz, 2004). Unicompartmental arthroplasty shares similar contraindications. Surgical treatments include tissue repair approaches, arthroscopic lavage and debridement, osteotomy, and unicompartmental and total knee replacement. There is little or no evidence that surgical reconstruction of torn cruciate ligaments or the meniscus prevents the development of the knee OA. It remains to be seen whether cartilage repair procedures prevent or slow down knee OA. The combination of tissue repair, such as the repair of cartilage defects, with an osteotomy, performed on the right patient and by a trained surgeon. In the case of knees with advanced degenerative arthrosis which undergo joint replacement surgery, the principle of functional restoration may be more properly stated as maximization of the functional capacity of the knee. As effective as current joint replacement techniques are at achieving pain relief and often associated increases in muscle strength and control, knees that have had joint replacement surgery do not replicate the functional status of a healthy, uninjured, adult joint. After the joint replacement the patient should avoid in running marathons or play tackle football. The structure of the knee is complex, and its behavior can be unpredictable even in the most experienced hands. However, the task of replacing the bone surfaces and balancing the ligaments can be made manageable by following a logical plan based on correct alignment throughout the arc of flexion and ligament release based on the function of each ligament. Optimal knee function requires correct varus-valgus alignment in all positions of flexion. This requires reliable anatomical landmarks for alignment both in flexion and extension. The long axes of the femur and tibia and the anterior and posterior axis of the femur are highly reliable and provide the guidelines for establishing stable alignment of the joint surfaces by placing the tibia and patellar groove correctly in the median anterior-posterior plane trough the entire arc flexion.   Knowing their function and testing their tension provides the information necessary to release only the ligaments that are excessively tight, leaving those that are performing normally. Fractional release does not destabilize the knee, because other ligaments are retained, and because the peripheral attachments of the ligament to other soft tissue structures such as the peristeum or synovial capsular tissue allow the released ligament to continue to function. Ligament release does not cause instability. Failure to align the knee and release the tight ligaments, however, does not cause instability, unreliable function, and excessive wear. With this knowledge, good instruments, and sound implants, the surgeon can align, balance, and stabilize the knee even when severe bone destruction and ligament contracture are present. CT scanning is an accurate way of measuring the component malrotation. Assessment of the rotatory alignment of the femoral component and the axial rotational relationship of the femoral and tibial components is part of the Perth CT protocol which is used routinely in total knee replacement surgery. The athlete will have preoperative clinical investigation and a radiological examination with standardized coronal long leg stance X-ray and standard lateral X-rays, adapted from the technique. Intraoperative complications will be recorded. The radiological evaluation was repeated between the 6th and 12th postoperative weeks by an independent observer at each center. The athlete should perform straight leg raises by the first postoperative day, by the second postoperative day research shows that 90% of patients have straight leg rise which suggest s good control of the quadriceps mechanism. On the third postoperative day the athlete should be able to independently transfer from a bed to a chair and on fourth postoperative day the athlete is able to navigate up and down stairs with assistance, and the mean postoperative discharge is 2.8 days.   The athlete is discharged to physical therapy which he will perform on his own home. Athlete should be averaging 10 days on a walker, 1 week on a cane, and independent ambulation is averaging approximately 3.5 weeks.    Rehabilitation Protocol To have the ability to perform physical actions task, and activities related to self-care is improved: Care is coordinated with patient, family, and other professionals.   Case is managed throughout episode of care   Integumentary integrity is improved   Knowledge of behaviors that foster healthy habits its gained Placement needs are determined   Risk factors are reduced   Risk of secondary impairments is reduced   ROM is increased   Standing balance is improved, stress is decreased To achieve this outcome, the appropriate intervention for this patient is determined. This will include coordination, communication, and documentation.    Is there evidence of total contact? If the person has a pelite liner, total contact maybe checked by putting a little ball of play dough at the end of the socket, the patient stands and bears weight and the displacement of the play dough indicates the extent of total contact, Too little contact may cause may cause distal end skin problems and a stretching pain. Too much may cause excessive pressure at the end of the stump and pressure pain. Is suspension maintained when patient’s lifts leg off the floor? Check that there is no excessive movement of the prosthesis away from limb when weight is removed. On weight bearing, make a small pencil mark at the anterior socket brim or, if sleeve or shuttles locks suspension, place lightly at edge of socket. Too much movement between residual limb and socket creates abrasions and may lead to toe drag on swing. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joint replacement surgery is designed to expand the entire envelope of function of symptomatic arthritic knees as safely and predictably as possible. Properly utilized, total knee replacement surgery is capable of substantial increases in the functional capacity of a given arthritic joint, but it is not designed to restore the full physiological function of a normal, uninjured adult knee. Future developments in the therapeutic management of arthritic knees may eventually involve biological approaches that could result in further improvements in maximizing the post treatment envelope of function over what can be achieved with the current technique of using artificial components. By tracking the loss of osseous homeostasis in knees starting at a time prior to the development of overt radiography identifiable degenerative changes Most patients can easily readily grasp the concept of the envelope and therefore can have a better understanding of what function is to be expected postoperatively. By this method they can more readily understand the joint replacement surgery is not designed to restore a knee to full, normal physiological function. Patients have responsibilities, as well to do all they can ( by participating in pre- and post operative physical therapy, for example_ to maximize their envelope and, once3 this is achieved, to not exceed the functional capacity of the joint following surgery by avoiding activities associated with supraphysiological loading. Cited Literature Hungerford MW, Mont MA. 2000. Nonoperative treatment of knee arthritis. In Insall JN, Scott NA (ed.). The Knee. CV Mosby, NY. Robertsson O. 2000. Unicompartmental arthroplasty. Results in Sweden. Orthopade 2000; 29 Suppl 1:S6-8. Lonner JH, Hershman S, Mont M, Lotke PA, 2000.Total knee arthroplasty in patients 40   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  years of age and younger with osteoarthritis. Clinical Orthopedic pp. 380:85-90. Mont MA, Chang MJ, Sheldon MS, Lennon WC, Hungerford DS, 2002. Total knee arthroplasty in patients less than 50 years old. J Arthroplasty 17: pp. 338-343. Romanowski MR and Repici JA. 2002. Minimally invasive unicondylar arthroplasty. Eight year follow-up. J Knee Surgery 15: pp. 17-22. Parvizi J, Hanssen AD, Spangehl MJ, 2003.   Total knee arthroplasty following a prior proximal tibial osteotomy. A long-term study identifying risk factors for failure. J Bone Joint Surgery (In Press). Hungerford, D. S. Kenneth A., Krackow, Kenna R.V. 1994. Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Approach. Williams and Wilkins. Kurtz, S.M.   2004. The UHMPE Handbook Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Academic Press. Rodriguez, E. C. 2003. The Haemophilic Joints: New Perspective. Blackwell Publishing. Delloye, C. and Bannister, G. 2004. Impaction Bone Grafting in Revision Arthropplasty. Published Informa Health Care. Bono, J.V., Scott, R.D. 2005. Revision Total Knee Athroplasty. Springer. Dutton, M. 2004. Orthopedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. Mc Graw Hill Professional. Sculco, T.P., Martucci, E.A., 2001. Knee Arthropplasty. Springer Publising. Moffat, M. Rosen, E. Rusnak-Smit S., 2006. Muscuskeletal Essentials: Applying the Physical Therapist. SLACK Incorporated. Callaghan, J.J., 2003. The Adult Knee. Contributor Harry E. Rubash. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Information systems of ford motor company

Information systems of ford motor company Since Information System is a concept for competitive advantage which defined in the early 80s, there are lots of companies invested at information technology. Until now, there is a survey shows that information technology investment is being more and more in every company. It is showing that, Information system is a foundation for conducting business today. In many businesses, survival and the ability to achieve strategic business goals is difficult without extensive use of information technology. It is because information technology can help a company more easy to gain competitive by achieving operational excellence, developing new products and services, enhanced customer and supplier intimacy and exploiting digital markets. So nowadays, information system is very important for every company. This essay will discuss how useful of information system in business, by using Ford Motor Company as an example which using information system to enhanced customer and supplier intimacy in customer relationship management system (CRM). Ford Motor Companys organization and environment The Ford motor company was formed in 1903 by Henry Ford whose aim was to provide the people with a cheap and affordable car that any middle class employed person could own. Ford Motor Company is a famous company which selling automotive. It is also a global automotive industry leader based in Dearborn, Michigan. It manufactures or distributes automobiles across six continents. In 1995, Ford had embarked on an ambitious restructuring plan called Ford 2000, which included merging its North American, European, and international automotive operations into a single global. Ford 2000 helps company reduce the cost by reengineering and globalizing corporate organizations and processes. The major reengineering projects were initiated around major company processes such as Order to Delivery (OTD) and Ford Production System (FPS), with goals such as reducing OTD time from more than 60 days to less than 15 days. Ford also launched a public Internet site in mid- 1995; by mid- 1997 the number of visits to the site had reached more than 1 million per day. A companywide Intranet was launched in mid- 1996. And by January 1997 Ford had in place a business-to-business capability through which the Intranet could be extended in a secure manner beyond company boundaries into an Extranet potentially connecting Ford with its suppliers. Ford teamed with Chrysler and General Motors to work on the Automotive Network Exchange, which can help suppliers to manage different means of interaction with each automaker to be consistency in technology standards and processes in the supplier network. In the supply chain area, there was general agreement that information technology also could be deployed to dramatically enhance material flows and reduce inventories, substituting information for inventory, as the expression went. So in the plan of Ford 2000, for meeting the aim on reengineering projects, having a nice supply chain management systems and customer relationship management systems can help the company more close to suppliers and customers which can easy to reduce the cost on order to delivery system and ford production system. As that time Internet revolution unfolded in parallel, Ford Motor Company created new possibilities for reengineering processes within and between enterprises by using Internet. Fords Existing Supply Base The existing supply base was in many respects a product of history. Start in early 1990s, Ford had begun to try actively to decrease the number of suppliers the company dealt with directly. Rather than using a large amount to buy individual components, it shifts to have long-term relationships with a subset of very capable suppliers who would provide entire vehicle subsystems. By doing that, Ford can easier to have a well link with major suppliers which can help Ford easier to improving a range of techniques such as just-in-time and total quality management. Ford Motor Companys SCM and CRM technology of Information system Ford Production System In restructuring plan, Ford 2000, the most important is reengineering projects; one of these projects is Ford Production System, it is an information system to achieve a close relationship to suppliers. Its aim is that improve the process on making motor to be more pull-based system, with synchronized production, continuous flow, and stability throughout the process. To achieve that, Ford could tell suppliers exactly when and where certain components would be needed days in advance, and buffer stocks thus could be reduced dramatically. If this system can work successfully, the benefits would be felt throughout the supply chain. Order to Delivery For another key process Ford reengineering projects is looking for improve the customer relationship management system. The information system to do that is Order to Delivery, the purpose of this system was to reduce to 15days the time from a customers order to delivery of the finished product. The Order to Delivery vision was to create a lean, flexible, and predictable process that harmonized the efforts of all of Fords components to enable it to provide consumers with right product in right place at right time, which means that it can help Ford Motor Company meet the just-in-time technique. By achieving Order to Delivery, Ford believed that it would provide better quality, higher customer satisfaction, improved customer selection, better plant productivity, stability for its supply base, and lower dealer and company costs. Ford Retail Network On 1 July, 1998, Ford Motor Company launched the first of its Ford Retail Network ventures in Tulsa, Oklahoma, under the newly formed Ford Investment Enterprises Company. The principle of Ford Retail Network was that giving consumers the highest level of treatment and create an experience they would want to come back to again and again. The showrooms would be consolidated to focus resources on creating a superior selling experience, while the number of service outlets would increase to be closer to customer population centers. Then Ford can reduce the cost on advertising as well as more and more on using Internet to provide the service to the customers as the information system can analysis the needs for customers effectively. Using SAPÂ ® software Until now, Ford not only just follows the web-site to provide the service to customers, for achieving total supply chain visibility in real time, increasing dealer and customer service satisfaction and minimizing costs, especially ongoing IT costs, Ford also using SAPÂ ® software, to improve the performance on supply chain management and customer relationship management. Business models for Ford Motor Company Three generic strategies Cost Leadership Under Porter (1985), he regarded the selection of a defendable position within an industry as the end result of a competitive strategic analysis. He argued that successful, profitable companies generally choose to compete on either low costs or by differentiating their products to meet specific customer needs. Although these two strategic options are mutually exclusive, he added a third category of firms as niche players that serve a specific market or product segment. Porters three generic strategies are: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Henry Ford was a farmers son whose manufacturing genius transformed life around the globe (Ford Motor Company, 2010). So that Ford Motor Company is following the business models which Henry Ford want to be. It is the cost leadership. In the automobile industry, Ford Motor Company can meet its business model, cost leadership. As Porter (1985) stated that cost leadership is about being the lowest cost producer in the industry. For an organization to gain competitive advantage, it must achieve overall cost leadership in an industry it is competing in. To lowest the cost, there are many techniques and methodology for organizations to use. Among the popular and successful techniques used by successful organizations worldwide in enhancing quality, productivity, lowering cost are six methodology, Total Quality Management (TQM), Benchmarking Competitors, Just-in-Time (JIT), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and MRP solutions. When Ford Motor Company developed the information system, it is easier to achieve this business model. It is because Ford using information system to improve the relationship to customers and suppliers. Ford develop the Ford Production System can help it to improve Supply Chain Management system to be a competitive advantage. And also, the Order to Delivery system can reduce the time, which means Ford can easier to achieve the just-in-time techniques. Not only these two reasons, but also the major reason of Ford can achieve this business model, cost leadership, is that Ford through developing information system to get a power on using a cheaper price to buy the material from suppliers. By that, Ford can reduce the cost effectively, thats why Ford Motor Company can achieve cost leadership. Ford developed the information system is focus on enhanced customer and supplier intimacy, it is looking for what customers want to, not for what company what to develop. So that means, Ford is not just focus on narrow target. It is because different customers need different type of cars. Value Chain Porter (1985) stated that value chain model is a systematic way of analyzing all the firms activities and evaluating how they interact with each other. Such an examination is necessary in order to identify potential sources of competitive advantage. For Porter, the value chain can be consisted for five primary activities (including inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service) and four support activities (including firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development and procurement). The value chain of the Ford Motor Company is not all that different from other manufacturers in the automobile industry. However, when Ford Motor Company developed information system, it helped Ford to improve its value chain. In one of support activities, Procurement, Ford through its information system, Ford Production System, to improve the relationship of suppliers, it is not only helping Ford to reduce the cost for buying material, but also working closely with its suppliers to eliminate waste and thereby lower costs for both organizations. This should be a win-win situation for both companies and should help lift Ford from its near-last ranking in supplier relations. The next activity for information system to improve is technology development. Ford through the information system, Ford Retail Network, to understand the value of consumer input and what consumer needed, which can help Ford easier to design a successful modern design technologies. They have initiated tailoring design models after public demand. This method has proven highly successful in recent financial periods. Marketing is also a very important aspect of the Ford. By using Ford Retail Network system, Ford has been working together with dealers or buys all dealers to collect more information to create marketing strategies that help boost sales. This is proven to be the primary basis for the consumers perceived values. Ford has also teamed-up with Caterpillar Logistics and SAP to improve warehousing and its Daily Parts Advantage network for getting spare parts to their dealers. Their hope in partnering with Cat Logistics was to secure a partner with expertise in the automotive supply chain, laying a foundation for development of a new information system. The goal was to obtain end-to-end visibility of service parts, increase the speed of time to market, optimize inventories at each location, and do a better job serving the customer (Supply Chain Brain). Along with Cat Logistics and SAP, Ford is also using an SAS platform that supports customer relationship management (CRM). This SAS platform enhances Fords existing customer relationship database and provides a powerful base for information analysis, data mining and predictive modeling thus enabling highly effective reporting, trending, segmentation, customer scoring, and customer life-cycle analysis all of which support key activities for CRM. As information system can improve lots of activities in value chain, it can help the company to gain the competitive advantage. Problems and challenges in the development of the Information System When Ford Motor Company developed the information system, it needs to face lots of challenges. Here are some of them. Costly and timely As Ford is a large company, it is very costly on developing information system. There are complex pieces of software which Ford developed to achieve its competitive advantage. To develop these large system, Ford need to spend its recourses. Not only the cost on buying software and hardware of the system, but also other cost such as consulting fees, personnel costs, training. Also, most of them need to spend time to develop. For Ford Motor Company, it has large team on Information Technology, which needs to hire lots of employees to work. There are costly on the salaries and also it needs spend over one mouth to train the employees to understand the system and use the system. As Ford adopts an enterprise application from SAP, it is very costly to switch SAP and it become dependent on SAP to upgrade its product and maintain its installation. Hard to collect information Some of the information systems which developed by Ford focus on supply chain management. These systems require multiple organizations to share information and business processes. It is difficult for each participant to change of its process and the way it uses information to create a system that best serves the supply chain as whole. Also, there are different policies in different company; Ford cannot collect the information fully for its suppliers as some of the information may be the secrecy. Hard to handle the technology As the technology of information system such as internet is growth quickly, it is not easy for Ford Motor Company to understand clearly about the technology, it will be a risk on losing money when develop that technology. So when developing the information system, Ford needs to make sure it understands what is its usage clearly. Conclusion In short, Ford uses information technology on business manager, SCM and CRM, for enhanced customer and supplier successfully. It can see that information system can help Ford achieve its business model. Nowadays, every company will develop the information system to achieve competitive, most of them have the e-business, too. It is surly that information system is a very useful and major tool to help company to meet their aims. However, it does not mean have information system can help the company to do a successful business, because the most important is that company have a correct business strategy. As the example on Ford, its business model is cost leadership; it is a great competitive advantage at early 1900s when Ford provided Model T cars. However, following the change of environment, it is not work now. So, if a company want to achieve competitive, it is not only focusing on develop information system, but also focusing on the business strategy.