Banned Pesticides by US Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Banned Pesticides by US Companies - Essay Example Because of ban, companies have resorted to selling their products in cheaper prices and dumping them in developing countries in order to flush-out their existing big stocks. In North, the Government had put a ban on the pesticide called â€Å"Methyl bromide† because of being health hazards and harmful effects to the ozone layer. In spite of being aware of its hazardous effects, it was being openly sold especially in third world countries. Eddleston, M. et al. (2002) examined, â€Å"In 1985, the UN Food and agriculture Organisation (FAO) produced a voluntary code of conduct for the pesticide industry in an attempt to limit the harmful effects of pesticides. Unfortunately, a lack of adequate government resources in the developing world makes this code ineffective, and thousands of deaths continue today.† Redmond, D. (2002) stated, â€Å"The United States is one of the largest exporters of pesticides in the world. Many of the pesticides are so dangerous that they are banned for use in the United States. There is no doubt that the use of these pesticides in the third world countries where they are exported is devastating. "But we are victims too. Pesticide exports create a circle of poison" by returning to the United States in the food we import.† Machipisa, L. (1995) quoted in his article, "If we have stocks we should destroy them. It is wrong to go and create a problem in the South when we in the North do not think it is good for us," said Herren. "One should look for alternatives before and not dump it, because it will lead its abuse.† In conclusion, I would appeal the Companies, involved in this abusive business, to please stop playing with human lives for the sake of few dollars.

Total Knee Arthroplasty Essay Example for Free

Total Knee Arthroplasty Essay Etiology and Pathology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The knee functions as a type of biological transmission whose purpose is to accept and transfer range of loads between and among the femur, patella, tibia, and fibula without causing structural or metabolic damage. Arthritic knees are like living transmissions with worn bearings that have limited capacity to safely accept and transmit forces. Arthritis of the knee can be restricted to a monoarticular clinical manifestation, or it may be a part of an oligo-or polyarticular disease. A careful anamnesis and clinical examination will allow the clinician to classify the clinical presentation of arthritis of the knee into disease groups such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis spondyloarthropathy, or miscellaneous arthritic diseases. Infectious arthritis presents typically as an (sub) acute inflammatory monoarthritic disease. Up to 90 % of infectious arthritis cases present as monoarthritis. The only exception is gonococcal arthritis, which presents more commonly as a migratory polyarthritis. If the condition is unrecognized, joint destruction will occur rapidly. In confronting the athlete who will undergo the operation it is important for me to discuss a working hypothesis and ultimately critical to arrive to the most likely diagnosis. The clinical history of the patient is to be well studied it is a demanding task and a lot of circumstantial evidence can evolve from a full history of the current problem , past medical conditions, and the family history. Kinds of Pain The nature of the pain that he might encounter and the reason he needs to undergo TKA belongs to â€Å"the basics†, whether it is mechanical, inflammatory, neuropathic, or poorly defined.   Mechanical pain occurs when the joint is used; walking becomes difficult and especially climbing stairs causes problems. On resting, there is less pain. Starting pain and stiffness are very characteristics of a more advanced mechanical pain pattern. Inflammatory pain typically presents at night. More specifically, the second part of the night become troublesome, and patients need to go out of bed and move. They experience morning stiffness for at least one hour, and this stiffness diminishes progressively as the pain begins to move. When pain is neuropathic in origin, a typical distribution pattern corresponding to the innervations’ is found. Psychosomatic pain has no typical presentation or distribution. Complaints are always more impressive than the clinical findings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consider asking the patient of how long the knee problem has existed, when pain and swelling have been present for less than 6 weeks, the problem is acute. Beyond 6 week’s duration, the term chronic is used and implies that spontaneous healing of the arthritis is unlikely.   It is also important to look for circumstantial evidence. Did the trauma occur just before the knee swelling began? Did the patient have an episode of fever such as angina, gastroenteritis, or arthritis? Does the patient have other clinical conditions that could be linked to the knee arthritis, such as skin problems (psoriasis, erythema nodosum), chronic diarrhea as seen inflammatory bowel disease, and eye problems such as uveitis or scleritis? In this setting a complete familial history can also add useful information. Advantages of Total Knee Arthroplasty Consistent reproducible results Correction of mechanical alignment Addressing all knee compartments Long term (greater than 90%) 10 year survivorship Drawbacks Postoperative pain which can endure for months Prolonged recovery sometimes inferior Patient satisfaction With extensive exposure required to align and implant the total knee arthroplasty, there is significant damage to the quadriceps muscle both in cutting into the musculature itself as well as damage with eversion of the patella and prolonged stretch to the quadriceps mechanisms intraoperatively. Muscle damage is permanent and can limit postoperative strength and/or function. Surgical Procedure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the surgery is performed usually blood count, electrolytes, APTT and PT to measure blood clotting, chest X-rays, ECG, and blood cross matching for possible transfusion. Accurate X-rays of the knee are needed to measure the size of components which will be needed. Medications such as warfarin and aspirin will be stopped some days before surgery to reduce the amount of bleeding. The athlete may be admitted on the day of surgery if the pre-op work up is done in the pre-anesthetic clinic or may come into hospital one or more days before surgery. Recent improvements in technology have led to a confusing spectrum of choices for both the patient and surgeon in treating monocompartmental knee arthritis. The obvious need to get the surgery done right, there are now pressures to â€Å"do it quickly† and with a minimal scar and reduced disability time. The combination of patient’s demands and expectations with actual surgical possibilities may be challenging. To this end, a logical structuring of options is in this order: Osteotomies Unincompartmental knee arthroplasty Total knee arthroplasty The indications and more importantly, the contraindications of the surgical procedures often results in overlap of options that must be considered for any given clinical situation. The appropriateness of any of these procedures should be considered in light of their relative indications and problems. These include patient age, activity level, expected longevity of the procedure, reliability of the procedure to bring about the expected goal, and ease of revision in the event of failure. Of equal importance are the contraindications to the procedures including contracture, deformity, ligament contracture or insufficiency, and bone deficiency. The relative value of an osteotomy stands in inverse proportion to the patient’s age. Younger patient’s demands on an implant that will not stand the test of time, with failure due to wear or fixation failure. Considering that the patient is an athlete, athletic activities after the operation such as jumping and running are associated with surface loads in excess of the limits of the polyethylene.   The hazards of heavy or repetitive loading, deep knee bending and the lifting activities that accompany a variety of occupations and activities may loosen or damage prosthesis. Research Probability on Different methods on Knee Surgery Long term results of osteotomy show a gradual decline in function and recurrence of deformity. Hungerford et al reported that on ninety-two knees with a good or excellent rating after osteotomy at two years. At ten years only fifty-eight knees (61%) maintained this level 13. Parvizi et al reported on fifty-eight patients with a mean fifteen year follow up. There were only 55% good to excellent results. Twenty-six patients formed subsets that have been reviewed previously. At eight years, there were 73% good to excellent results, declining to 46% at eighteen years. Technical Problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technical problems of total knee arthroplasty after closing wedge osteotomy include: difficulties in gaining exposure, bony deficiencies necessitating grafts or wedges, difficulties in attaining ligament balance, prolonged surgical time and increased blood loss. Lonner et al recommended reserving the procedure for young, active overweight patient only 15.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Justification for the procedure in high demand patients is more difficult. Bellemans and Co author have reported range of motion between 120 and 130 degrees with enhanced functional potential for activities of daily living including stair climbing and transfer function.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Osteotomy has some contraindications including: various deformities greater that 10 degrees, flexion contracture more than 20 degrees, limited range of motion, ligament insufficiency including the anterior cruciate, and patellofemoral (Kurtz, 2004). Unicompartmental arthroplasty shares similar contraindications. Surgical treatments include tissue repair approaches, arthroscopic lavage and debridement, osteotomy, and unicompartmental and total knee replacement. There is little or no evidence that surgical reconstruction of torn cruciate ligaments or the meniscus prevents the development of the knee OA. It remains to be seen whether cartilage repair procedures prevent or slow down knee OA. The combination of tissue repair, such as the repair of cartilage defects, with an osteotomy, performed on the right patient and by a trained surgeon. In the case of knees with advanced degenerative arthrosis which undergo joint replacement surgery, the principle of functional restoration may be more properly stated as maximization of the functional capacity of the knee. As effective as current joint replacement techniques are at achieving pain relief and often associated increases in muscle strength and control, knees that have had joint replacement surgery do not replicate the functional status of a healthy, uninjured, adult joint. After the joint replacement the patient should avoid in running marathons or play tackle football. The structure of the knee is complex, and its behavior can be unpredictable even in the most experienced hands. However, the task of replacing the bone surfaces and balancing the ligaments can be made manageable by following a logical plan based on correct alignment throughout the arc of flexion and ligament release based on the function of each ligament. Optimal knee function requires correct varus-valgus alignment in all positions of flexion. This requires reliable anatomical landmarks for alignment both in flexion and extension. The long axes of the femur and tibia and the anterior and posterior axis of the femur are highly reliable and provide the guidelines for establishing stable alignment of the joint surfaces by placing the tibia and patellar groove correctly in the median anterior-posterior plane trough the entire arc flexion.   Knowing their function and testing their tension provides the information necessary to release only the ligaments that are excessively tight, leaving those that are performing normally. Fractional release does not destabilize the knee, because other ligaments are retained, and because the peripheral attachments of the ligament to other soft tissue structures such as the peristeum or synovial capsular tissue allow the released ligament to continue to function. Ligament release does not cause instability. Failure to align the knee and release the tight ligaments, however, does not cause instability, unreliable function, and excessive wear. With this knowledge, good instruments, and sound implants, the surgeon can align, balance, and stabilize the knee even when severe bone destruction and ligament contracture are present. CT scanning is an accurate way of measuring the component malrotation. Assessment of the rotatory alignment of the femoral component and the axial rotational relationship of the femoral and tibial components is part of the Perth CT protocol which is used routinely in total knee replacement surgery. The athlete will have preoperative clinical investigation and a radiological examination with standardized coronal long leg stance X-ray and standard lateral X-rays, adapted from the technique. Intraoperative complications will be recorded. The radiological evaluation was repeated between the 6th and 12th postoperative weeks by an independent observer at each center. The athlete should perform straight leg raises by the first postoperative day, by the second postoperative day research shows that 90% of patients have straight leg rise which suggest s good control of the quadriceps mechanism. On the third postoperative day the athlete should be able to independently transfer from a bed to a chair and on fourth postoperative day the athlete is able to navigate up and down stairs with assistance, and the mean postoperative discharge is 2.8 days.   The athlete is discharged to physical therapy which he will perform on his own home. Athlete should be averaging 10 days on a walker, 1 week on a cane, and independent ambulation is averaging approximately 3.5 weeks.    Rehabilitation Protocol To have the ability to perform physical actions task, and activities related to self-care is improved: Care is coordinated with patient, family, and other professionals.   Case is managed throughout episode of care   Integumentary integrity is improved   Knowledge of behaviors that foster healthy habits its gained Placement needs are determined   Risk factors are reduced   Risk of secondary impairments is reduced   ROM is increased   Standing balance is improved, stress is decreased To achieve this outcome, the appropriate intervention for this patient is determined. This will include coordination, communication, and documentation.    Is there evidence of total contact? If the person has a pelite liner, total contact maybe checked by putting a little ball of play dough at the end of the socket, the patient stands and bears weight and the displacement of the play dough indicates the extent of total contact, Too little contact may cause may cause distal end skin problems and a stretching pain. Too much may cause excessive pressure at the end of the stump and pressure pain. Is suspension maintained when patient’s lifts leg off the floor? Check that there is no excessive movement of the prosthesis away from limb when weight is removed. On weight bearing, make a small pencil mark at the anterior socket brim or, if sleeve or shuttles locks suspension, place lightly at edge of socket. Too much movement between residual limb and socket creates abrasions and may lead to toe drag on swing. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joint replacement surgery is designed to expand the entire envelope of function of symptomatic arthritic knees as safely and predictably as possible. Properly utilized, total knee replacement surgery is capable of substantial increases in the functional capacity of a given arthritic joint, but it is not designed to restore the full physiological function of a normal, uninjured adult knee. Future developments in the therapeutic management of arthritic knees may eventually involve biological approaches that could result in further improvements in maximizing the post treatment envelope of function over what can be achieved with the current technique of using artificial components. By tracking the loss of osseous homeostasis in knees starting at a time prior to the development of overt radiography identifiable degenerative changes Most patients can easily readily grasp the concept of the envelope and therefore can have a better understanding of what function is to be expected postoperatively. By this method they can more readily understand the joint replacement surgery is not designed to restore a knee to full, normal physiological function. Patients have responsibilities, as well to do all they can ( by participating in pre- and post operative physical therapy, for example_ to maximize their envelope and, once3 this is achieved, to not exceed the functional capacity of the joint following surgery by avoiding activities associated with supraphysiological loading. Cited Literature Hungerford MW, Mont MA. 2000. Nonoperative treatment of knee arthritis. In Insall JN, Scott NA (ed.). The Knee. CV Mosby, NY. Robertsson O. 2000. Unicompartmental arthroplasty. Results in Sweden. Orthopade 2000; 29 Suppl 1:S6-8. Lonner JH, Hershman S, Mont M, Lotke PA, 2000.Total knee arthroplasty in patients 40   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  years of age and younger with osteoarthritis. Clinical Orthopedic pp. 380:85-90. Mont MA, Chang MJ, Sheldon MS, Lennon WC, Hungerford DS, 2002. Total knee arthroplasty in patients less than 50 years old. J Arthroplasty 17: pp. 338-343. Romanowski MR and Repici JA. 2002. Minimally invasive unicondylar arthroplasty. Eight year follow-up. J Knee Surgery 15: pp. 17-22. Parvizi J, Hanssen AD, Spangehl MJ, 2003.   Total knee arthroplasty following a prior proximal tibial osteotomy. A long-term study identifying risk factors for failure. J Bone Joint Surgery (In Press). Hungerford, D. S. Kenneth A., Krackow, Kenna R.V. 1994. Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comprehensive Approach. Williams and Wilkins. Kurtz, S.M.   2004. The UHMPE Handbook Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Academic Press. Rodriguez, E. C. 2003. The Haemophilic Joints: New Perspective. Blackwell Publishing. Delloye, C. and Bannister, G. 2004. Impaction Bone Grafting in Revision Arthropplasty. Published Informa Health Care. Bono, J.V., Scott, R.D. 2005. Revision Total Knee Athroplasty. Springer. Dutton, M. 2004. Orthopedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. Mc Graw Hill Professional. Sculco, T.P., Martucci, E.A., 2001. Knee Arthropplasty. Springer Publising. Moffat, M. Rosen, E. Rusnak-Smit S., 2006. Muscuskeletal Essentials: Applying the Physical Therapist. SLACK Incorporated. Callaghan, J.J., 2003. The Adult Knee. Contributor Harry E. Rubash. Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Information systems of ford motor company

Information systems of ford motor company Since Information System is a concept for competitive advantage which defined in the early 80s, there are lots of companies invested at information technology. Until now, there is a survey shows that information technology investment is being more and more in every company. It is showing that, Information system is a foundation for conducting business today. In many businesses, survival and the ability to achieve strategic business goals is difficult without extensive use of information technology. It is because information technology can help a company more easy to gain competitive by achieving operational excellence, developing new products and services, enhanced customer and supplier intimacy and exploiting digital markets. So nowadays, information system is very important for every company. This essay will discuss how useful of information system in business, by using Ford Motor Company as an example which using information system to enhanced customer and supplier intimacy in customer relationship management system (CRM). Ford Motor Companys organization and environment The Ford motor company was formed in 1903 by Henry Ford whose aim was to provide the people with a cheap and affordable car that any middle class employed person could own. Ford Motor Company is a famous company which selling automotive. It is also a global automotive industry leader based in Dearborn, Michigan. It manufactures or distributes automobiles across six continents. In 1995, Ford had embarked on an ambitious restructuring plan called Ford 2000, which included merging its North American, European, and international automotive operations into a single global. Ford 2000 helps company reduce the cost by reengineering and globalizing corporate organizations and processes. The major reengineering projects were initiated around major company processes such as Order to Delivery (OTD) and Ford Production System (FPS), with goals such as reducing OTD time from more than 60 days to less than 15 days. Ford also launched a public Internet site in mid- 1995; by mid- 1997 the number of visits to the site had reached more than 1 million per day. A companywide Intranet was launched in mid- 1996. And by January 1997 Ford had in place a business-to-business capability through which the Intranet could be extended in a secure manner beyond company boundaries into an Extranet potentially connecting Ford with its suppliers. Ford teamed with Chrysler and General Motors to work on the Automotive Network Exchange, which can help suppliers to manage different means of interaction with each automaker to be consistency in technology standards and processes in the supplier network. In the supply chain area, there was general agreement that information technology also could be deployed to dramatically enhance material flows and reduce inventories, substituting information for inventory, as the expression went. So in the plan of Ford 2000, for meeting the aim on reengineering projects, having a nice supply chain management systems and customer relationship management systems can help the company more close to suppliers and customers which can easy to reduce the cost on order to delivery system and ford production system. As that time Internet revolution unfolded in parallel, Ford Motor Company created new possibilities for reengineering processes within and between enterprises by using Internet. Fords Existing Supply Base The existing supply base was in many respects a product of history. Start in early 1990s, Ford had begun to try actively to decrease the number of suppliers the company dealt with directly. Rather than using a large amount to buy individual components, it shifts to have long-term relationships with a subset of very capable suppliers who would provide entire vehicle subsystems. By doing that, Ford can easier to have a well link with major suppliers which can help Ford easier to improving a range of techniques such as just-in-time and total quality management. Ford Motor Companys SCM and CRM technology of Information system Ford Production System In restructuring plan, Ford 2000, the most important is reengineering projects; one of these projects is Ford Production System, it is an information system to achieve a close relationship to suppliers. Its aim is that improve the process on making motor to be more pull-based system, with synchronized production, continuous flow, and stability throughout the process. To achieve that, Ford could tell suppliers exactly when and where certain components would be needed days in advance, and buffer stocks thus could be reduced dramatically. If this system can work successfully, the benefits would be felt throughout the supply chain. Order to Delivery For another key process Ford reengineering projects is looking for improve the customer relationship management system. The information system to do that is Order to Delivery, the purpose of this system was to reduce to 15days the time from a customers order to delivery of the finished product. The Order to Delivery vision was to create a lean, flexible, and predictable process that harmonized the efforts of all of Fords components to enable it to provide consumers with right product in right place at right time, which means that it can help Ford Motor Company meet the just-in-time technique. By achieving Order to Delivery, Ford believed that it would provide better quality, higher customer satisfaction, improved customer selection, better plant productivity, stability for its supply base, and lower dealer and company costs. Ford Retail Network On 1 July, 1998, Ford Motor Company launched the first of its Ford Retail Network ventures in Tulsa, Oklahoma, under the newly formed Ford Investment Enterprises Company. The principle of Ford Retail Network was that giving consumers the highest level of treatment and create an experience they would want to come back to again and again. The showrooms would be consolidated to focus resources on creating a superior selling experience, while the number of service outlets would increase to be closer to customer population centers. Then Ford can reduce the cost on advertising as well as more and more on using Internet to provide the service to the customers as the information system can analysis the needs for customers effectively. Using SAPÂ ® software Until now, Ford not only just follows the web-site to provide the service to customers, for achieving total supply chain visibility in real time, increasing dealer and customer service satisfaction and minimizing costs, especially ongoing IT costs, Ford also using SAPÂ ® software, to improve the performance on supply chain management and customer relationship management. Business models for Ford Motor Company Three generic strategies Cost Leadership Under Porter (1985), he regarded the selection of a defendable position within an industry as the end result of a competitive strategic analysis. He argued that successful, profitable companies generally choose to compete on either low costs or by differentiating their products to meet specific customer needs. Although these two strategic options are mutually exclusive, he added a third category of firms as niche players that serve a specific market or product segment. Porters three generic strategies are: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Henry Ford was a farmers son whose manufacturing genius transformed life around the globe (Ford Motor Company, 2010). So that Ford Motor Company is following the business models which Henry Ford want to be. It is the cost leadership. In the automobile industry, Ford Motor Company can meet its business model, cost leadership. As Porter (1985) stated that cost leadership is about being the lowest cost producer in the industry. For an organization to gain competitive advantage, it must achieve overall cost leadership in an industry it is competing in. To lowest the cost, there are many techniques and methodology for organizations to use. Among the popular and successful techniques used by successful organizations worldwide in enhancing quality, productivity, lowering cost are six methodology, Total Quality Management (TQM), Benchmarking Competitors, Just-in-Time (JIT), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and MRP solutions. When Ford Motor Company developed the information system, it is easier to achieve this business model. It is because Ford using information system to improve the relationship to customers and suppliers. Ford develop the Ford Production System can help it to improve Supply Chain Management system to be a competitive advantage. And also, the Order to Delivery system can reduce the time, which means Ford can easier to achieve the just-in-time techniques. Not only these two reasons, but also the major reason of Ford can achieve this business model, cost leadership, is that Ford through developing information system to get a power on using a cheaper price to buy the material from suppliers. By that, Ford can reduce the cost effectively, thats why Ford Motor Company can achieve cost leadership. Ford developed the information system is focus on enhanced customer and supplier intimacy, it is looking for what customers want to, not for what company what to develop. So that means, Ford is not just focus on narrow target. It is because different customers need different type of cars. Value Chain Porter (1985) stated that value chain model is a systematic way of analyzing all the firms activities and evaluating how they interact with each other. Such an examination is necessary in order to identify potential sources of competitive advantage. For Porter, the value chain can be consisted for five primary activities (including inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service) and four support activities (including firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development and procurement). The value chain of the Ford Motor Company is not all that different from other manufacturers in the automobile industry. However, when Ford Motor Company developed information system, it helped Ford to improve its value chain. In one of support activities, Procurement, Ford through its information system, Ford Production System, to improve the relationship of suppliers, it is not only helping Ford to reduce the cost for buying material, but also working closely with its suppliers to eliminate waste and thereby lower costs for both organizations. This should be a win-win situation for both companies and should help lift Ford from its near-last ranking in supplier relations. The next activity for information system to improve is technology development. Ford through the information system, Ford Retail Network, to understand the value of consumer input and what consumer needed, which can help Ford easier to design a successful modern design technologies. They have initiated tailoring design models after public demand. This method has proven highly successful in recent financial periods. Marketing is also a very important aspect of the Ford. By using Ford Retail Network system, Ford has been working together with dealers or buys all dealers to collect more information to create marketing strategies that help boost sales. This is proven to be the primary basis for the consumers perceived values. Ford has also teamed-up with Caterpillar Logistics and SAP to improve warehousing and its Daily Parts Advantage network for getting spare parts to their dealers. Their hope in partnering with Cat Logistics was to secure a partner with expertise in the automotive supply chain, laying a foundation for development of a new information system. The goal was to obtain end-to-end visibility of service parts, increase the speed of time to market, optimize inventories at each location, and do a better job serving the customer (Supply Chain Brain). Along with Cat Logistics and SAP, Ford is also using an SAS platform that supports customer relationship management (CRM). This SAS platform enhances Fords existing customer relationship database and provides a powerful base for information analysis, data mining and predictive modeling thus enabling highly effective reporting, trending, segmentation, customer scoring, and customer life-cycle analysis all of which support key activities for CRM. As information system can improve lots of activities in value chain, it can help the company to gain the competitive advantage. Problems and challenges in the development of the Information System When Ford Motor Company developed the information system, it needs to face lots of challenges. Here are some of them. Costly and timely As Ford is a large company, it is very costly on developing information system. There are complex pieces of software which Ford developed to achieve its competitive advantage. To develop these large system, Ford need to spend its recourses. Not only the cost on buying software and hardware of the system, but also other cost such as consulting fees, personnel costs, training. Also, most of them need to spend time to develop. For Ford Motor Company, it has large team on Information Technology, which needs to hire lots of employees to work. There are costly on the salaries and also it needs spend over one mouth to train the employees to understand the system and use the system. As Ford adopts an enterprise application from SAP, it is very costly to switch SAP and it become dependent on SAP to upgrade its product and maintain its installation. Hard to collect information Some of the information systems which developed by Ford focus on supply chain management. These systems require multiple organizations to share information and business processes. It is difficult for each participant to change of its process and the way it uses information to create a system that best serves the supply chain as whole. Also, there are different policies in different company; Ford cannot collect the information fully for its suppliers as some of the information may be the secrecy. Hard to handle the technology As the technology of information system such as internet is growth quickly, it is not easy for Ford Motor Company to understand clearly about the technology, it will be a risk on losing money when develop that technology. So when developing the information system, Ford needs to make sure it understands what is its usage clearly. Conclusion In short, Ford uses information technology on business manager, SCM and CRM, for enhanced customer and supplier successfully. It can see that information system can help Ford achieve its business model. Nowadays, every company will develop the information system to achieve competitive, most of them have the e-business, too. It is surly that information system is a very useful and major tool to help company to meet their aims. However, it does not mean have information system can help the company to do a successful business, because the most important is that company have a correct business strategy. As the example on Ford, its business model is cost leadership; it is a great competitive advantage at early 1900s when Ford provided Model T cars. However, following the change of environment, it is not work now. So, if a company want to achieve competitive, it is not only focusing on develop information system, but also focusing on the business strategy.

Essay on Earths Holocaust and The Birthmark -- Birthmark Essays

Essay on Earth's Holocaust and The Birthmark Hawthorne knew that all men are defective. Earth's Holocaust is his most striking statement of the theme, but every story and novel is based on that premise. Those who ignore human imperfection in their planning become, like Aylmer of The Birthmark, destroyers rather than creators. From his knowledge of universal depravity came and not as paradoxically as it may seem a humility and a sense of social solidarity too often lacking in our young critics of society. The society with which he was concerned was a wider society. As we have noted, his people are often ''saved'' through love for one other person. The heart is touched by love, bringing warmth, or ''reality." But the saved one does not then withdraw with his loved one in a society of the elect; he does not join a Brook Farm or a commune. He returns to the larger society, to what Lewis calls "the tribe." He is defective and incomplete-as it is defective and incomplete; he needs it as it needs him. Thus love unites Phoebe and Holgr ave, but also serves the larger social purpose of uniting two warring families, displacing hate by love and "cleansing'' a cursed house. Love for Clifford brings Hepzibah out of destructive pride and isolation into intercourse with the world. Hester is saved at the end not by the "consecration of its own" she once thought blessed her union with Dimmesdale, not by escape into ... ...ch somehow we all bear complicity, and with both joy and trouble intensifed by love, linking us to others who share in the human condition. With such distinctions, we can hardly call Hawthorne a true and complete hippie. Neither can we deny that he shared the hippies' aversions and the most essential of their desires. We can see him as relevant the word is useful if overworked even to the hippie generation. To do so we need those qualities in which he was strongest: humility to accept as equals and as like ourselves people of all classes, ages, and times, and historical imagination to see essential likeness of one time to another beneath their superficial differences. Essay on Earth's Holocaust and The Birthmark -- Birthmark Essays Essay on Earth's Holocaust and The Birthmark Hawthorne knew that all men are defective. Earth's Holocaust is his most striking statement of the theme, but every story and novel is based on that premise. Those who ignore human imperfection in their planning become, like Aylmer of The Birthmark, destroyers rather than creators. From his knowledge of universal depravity came and not as paradoxically as it may seem a humility and a sense of social solidarity too often lacking in our young critics of society. The society with which he was concerned was a wider society. As we have noted, his people are often ''saved'' through love for one other person. The heart is touched by love, bringing warmth, or ''reality." But the saved one does not then withdraw with his loved one in a society of the elect; he does not join a Brook Farm or a commune. He returns to the larger society, to what Lewis calls "the tribe." He is defective and incomplete-as it is defective and incomplete; he needs it as it needs him. Thus love unites Phoebe and Holgr ave, but also serves the larger social purpose of uniting two warring families, displacing hate by love and "cleansing'' a cursed house. Love for Clifford brings Hepzibah out of destructive pride and isolation into intercourse with the world. Hester is saved at the end not by the "consecration of its own" she once thought blessed her union with Dimmesdale, not by escape into ... ...ch somehow we all bear complicity, and with both joy and trouble intensifed by love, linking us to others who share in the human condition. With such distinctions, we can hardly call Hawthorne a true and complete hippie. Neither can we deny that he shared the hippies' aversions and the most essential of their desires. We can see him as relevant the word is useful if overworked even to the hippie generation. To do so we need those qualities in which he was strongest: humility to accept as equals and as like ourselves people of all classes, ages, and times, and historical imagination to see essential likeness of one time to another beneath their superficial differences.

Gas Leak Sensing In Cars Using Embedded System Engineering Essay

Abstraction: Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odorless, toxic gas whose primary beginning indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. Carbon Monoxide is the most toxic which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the individual dead within proceedingss. The chief purpose of this thesis is to develop a system to observe the being of C monoxide inside a auto, due the malfunctioning of the air conditioner and to supply an exigency mechanization to avoid any build-up of C monoxide gas. The mechanization involves uninterrupted monitoring of CO degrees and triping relays to run the exigency system, when CO degrees reach a high value. The GSM engineering can be used when a vehicle met with an accident, instantly the location, vehicle figure, individual to reach figure, reference and the medical history will be transferred to the nearest aid desk. Keywords: Carbon monoxide, MQ-7 detector, Microcontroller AT89s51, GSM engineering Introduction Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas whose primary beginning indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. The job that we are seeking to get the better of is Carbon Monoxide leak in a auto. When the air-conditioner malfunctions, there is a CO leak, which can be risky, sing that most of the autos are air-conditioned. In the event of people acquiring stuck in the auto during a CO leak, it could turn out fatal, as this gas is really toxic. It mixes with the haemoglobin in blood and signifiers carboxy-hemoglobin, which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the individual dead within proceedingss. The molecule consists of a C atom that is triply bonded to an O atom. Carbon monoxide is a commercially of import chemical. It is besides formed in many chemical reactions and in the thermal or uncomplete decomposition of many organic stuffs. Dangerous sums of CO can roll up when as a consequence of hapless installing, hapless care or failure or harm to an contraption in service, the fuel is non burned decently, or when suites are ill ventilated and Carbon Monoxide is unable to get away. Having no odor, gustatory sensation or coloring material, in today ‘s universe of improved insularity and dual glazing it has become progressively of import to hold good airing, maintain all contraptions on a regular basis and to hold perfectly dependable sensor dismaies installed giving both a ocular and hearable warning instantly there is a build up of CO to unsafe degrees. 1.1 The effects of Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide toxicants by come ining the lungs via the normal external respiration mechanism and displacing O from the blood stream. Break of the normal supply of O puts at hazard the maps of the bosom, encephalon and other critical maps of the organic structure. Carbon Monoxide produces the undermentioned physiological effects on people exposed to the concentrations shown: Table No 1.1 Safety Degrees The above information is for a healthy grownup. Persons enduring from bosom or respiratory wellness jobs, babies and little kids, unborn kids, anticipant female parents and pets can be affected by CO poisoning more rapidly than others in the family and may be the first to demo symptoms. 1.2 Corrective Action Evacuate & gt ; Ventilate & gt ; Investigate Travel the affected individual to fresh air.A Administer O if available. Contact medical aid. If the individual is non eupneic, perform unreal respiration as taught in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training until medical aid arrives. Vent the country. Investigate the beginning of C monoxide and do fixs. The most of import thing that one can make to protect oneself and one ‘s household from the dangers of Carbon Monoxide toxic condition is by acquiring a Carbon Monoxide Sensor Alarm with a low degree index. If one can suit a sensor one can at least be certain, holding carried out all the about safety cheques, that he is protected. 1.3 EMERGING Technology Dae-Eun Park, Taegyu Kimb, Sejin Kwon, Choong-Ki Kima, Euisik Yoon, ( 3 ) presents the Successful execution, â€Å" Micromachined methanol steam reforming system as a H provider for portable proton exchange membrane fuel cells † , In this paper, a fresh hydrogen-supplying device for fuel cells has been designed, fabricated, and demonstrated. The proposed H provider is a micromachined one-chip fuel processing system including vaporiser, catalytic combustor and methyl alcohol steam reformist. This fuel processing system utilizes the thermic energy generated from the catalytic H burning to heat up the full system. For the catalytic burning, we have introduced C nanotubes as a encouraging construction of Pt accelerator for the first clip. We have besides developed a new surfacing method of reforming accelerator ( Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 ) and observed that equal sum of H can be generated for PEM fuel cells. We have successfully reported the feasibleness of the proposed fuel processing system . â€Å" Handheld laser-based detector for distant sensing of toxic and risky gases † ( 7 ) . A new optical tool, which will assist petrochemical refinery and chemical processing works forces locate the beginning of a toxic or risky gas leak while staying outside the margin of the processing country, has been demonstrated. This detector is capable of turn uping leaks from a distance of about 20 m, with a response clip of less than 1 2nd. By heightening the velocity with which leaks can be located, the hazard of an inchoate failure going a ruinous failure is reduced significantly. The tool is based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ( TDLAS ) . TDLAS is presently being utilized in these industrial environments in permanently-installed open-path constellations to feel releases of selected gases as they exit the processing country. The detector described here combines a lightweight, portable optical transceiver with battery-operated electronics in a individual handheld bundle. By standing in a safe country and â€Å" polishing † the eye-safe optical maser beam emanating from this device onto suspected leak beginnings, operators may quickly insulate the beginning while minimising their possible exposure to the jeopardy. The detector can be configured to feel leaks ensuing in path-integrated concentrations of, for illustration, 2 ppm-m of H fluoride, 200 ppm-m of H sulphide, or 10 ppm-m of methane. Dr. Stetter ‘s ( 4 ) says, ‘The new detector utilizing a nano-particulate composite plastic for electronic conductivity within the detectors ‘ cell wall. â€Å" It is astonishing what such an invention does for the detector interior decorator, comments Dr. Stetter. To be able to plan a detector with no wires or connections to the electrodes eliminates the major beginning of detector failure over clip. With the new nanotechnology enabled T-Series detectors, a bantam low-cost bundle that is more robust is the consequence. Vishad Patel, Senior Engineer of Transducer Technology, Inc. says, â€Å" In add-on to leting the new bantam detector design, † â€Å" we get to do radical low profile level detectors with fewer fabrication stairss. † All of these characteristics may be great for applied scientists but the client besides benefits to a great extent from this new attack to sensor merchandises. The first detector attempted with the nanotechnology was a CO [ C monoxide ] detector. The consequences are astonishing, high public presentation CO detectors, even better public presentation specifications, like response clip and stableness, than most of the bing detectors. The EMI intervention appears to be less than the current offerings for CO detectors besides. This means the client can freely plan bantam, rugged, accurate, and low power CO metres that are guaranteed to run in a broad assortment of environments and applications. J.Ayala, Donald.P.Eckman, Evangelous Petroutsos ( 9 ) says, â€Å" Micro Controller 8951 † . A microcontroller ( besides MCU or A µC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort used in a Personal computer ) . In add-on to all arithmetic and logic elements of a general intent microprocessor, the microcontroller normally besides integrates extra elements such as read-only and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces. 1.4. Block DiagramCO gas DetectorGSM ModemRS 232Door Locking/Unlocking Unit of measurementSignal ConditionerAT89S51Driving CircuitA detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a CO gas by bring forthing another type of energy signal. The Sensor that we use in the undertaking is MQ-7. A signal conditioner is a device that converts one type of electronic signal into another type of signal. Its primary usage is to change over a signal that may be hard to read by conventional instrumentality into a more easy read format. In executing this transition a figure of maps may take topographic point. They include: Amplification Electrical Isolation Linearization Cold Junction Compensation Excitement A microcontroller ( besides MCU or A µC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort used in a Personal computer ) . Microcontrollers are often used in automatically controlled merchandises and devices, such as car engine control systems, office machines, contraptions, power tools, and playthings. By cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion compared to a design utilizing a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to electronically command many more procedures. In telecommunications, RS-232 ( Recommended Standard 232 ) is a criterion for consecutive binary informations signals linking between a DTE ( Data terminal equipment ) and a DCE ( Data Circuit-terminating Equipment ) . It is normally used in computing machine series ports. A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM radio web. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The chief difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives informations through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives informations through wireless moving ridges. A GSM modem can be an external device or a Personal computer Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computing machine through a consecutive overseas telegram or a USB overseas telegram. A GSM modem in the signifier of a Personal computer Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for usage with a laptop computing machine. Detector A detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a type of energy by bring forthing another type of energy signal, normally electrical. They are either direct indicating ( an electrical metre ) or are paired with an index ( possibly indirectly through an parallel to digital convertor, a computing machine and a show ) so that the value sensed is translated for human apprehension. A device that responds to a stimulation, such as heat, visible radiation, or force per unit area and generates a signal that can be measured or interpreted is called a SENSOR. 2.1 Types of SENSORS Types of detectors include electromagnetic, chemical, biological and acoustic. Aside from other applications, detectors are to a great extent used in medical specialty, industry and robotics. In order to move as an effective detector, the undermentioned guidelines must be followed: The detector should be sensitive to the measured variable. The detector should be insensitive to any other variable. The detector should non act upon the measured variable. In theory, when the detector is working absolutely, the end product signal of a detector is precisely relative to the value of the parametric quantity it is meant to mensurate. The addition is so defined as the ratio between end product signal and measured variable. For illustration, if a detector measures temperature and has an existent electromotive force end product, the addition is a changeless with the unit. 2.2 CO SENSOR MQ-7 The Sensor that we use in our undertaking is a commercial merchandise from Hanwei Electronics Ltd. China. The detector is composed of micro Al2O3 ceramic tubing, Tin Dioxide ( SnO2 ) sensitive bed, mensurating electrode and warmer are fixed into a crust made by plastic and unstained steel cyberspace. The warmer provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive constituents. The enveloped MQ-7 Sensor has 6 pins, 4 of which are used to bring signals ; the other 2 are used for supplying heating current. 2.2.1 Features of the Sensor The assorted characteristics of the MQ-7 is listed below High sensitiveness to carbon monoxide. Stable and long life. Miniature size and low power ingestion. Low Cost. 2.2.2 Applications of the Sensor Residential and commercial CO sensors. Air quality accountants. Ventilation control for indoor parking garages. These electronic sensors sound against a fire by feeling CO degrees in the air. Demand controlled airing for offices, exhibition centres, hotels, tunnels, mines and auto Parkss. Pollution Control for the vehicles. 2.2.3 Specifications Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark TaoUsing temperature-20i‚ °-50i‚ ° Tantalum Storage temperature -20i‚ °-50i‚ ° Advice utilizing range Rhesus factor Relative humidness Less than 95 % RH O2 Oxygen concentration 21 % ( stand status ) the O concentration can impact the sensitiveness. Minimum value is over 2 % The tabular array 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 are the specifications of the MQ-7 detector. Table No 2.1 Standard Work Conditions Table No 2.2 Environment conditions Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark VC Circuit Voltage 5VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc VH ( H ) Heating Voltage ( high ) 5VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc VH ( L ) Heating Voltage ( low ) 1.4VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc RL Load Resistance Can set Rhesus factor Heating Resistance 33I ©A ±5 % Room Temp. TH ( H ) Heating Time ( high ) 60A ±1 seconds TH ( L ) Heating Time ( low ) 90A ±1 seconds Ph Heating Consumption Less than 330mw Table No 2.3 Sensitivity features Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark Roentgen Surface opposition Of sensitive organic structure 2-20k In 100ppmCarbon Monoxide? ( 300/100ppm ) Concentration incline rate Less than 0.5 Rs ( 300ppm ) /Rs ( 100ppm ) Standard working status Temperature -20i‚ °CA ±2i‚ °C: Relative humidness 65 % A ±5 % : RL: 10KI ©A ±5 % VC: 5VA ±0.1V VH: 5VA ±0.1V VH: 1.4VA ±0.1V Preheat clip No less than 48 hours Detecting scope: 20ppm-2000ppm C monoxide 2.2.4 Structure of the Sensor MQ-7 Structure and constellation of MQ-7 gas detector is shown as Figure 2.1. ( Configuration A or B ) Figure No 2.1: Detector construction of MQ-7 2.2.5 Basic Measuring Circuit As shown in Figure 2.2, standard mensurating circuit of MQ-7 sensitive constituents consists of 2 parts: One is the heating circuit holding clip control map ( the high electromotive force and the low electromotive force work circularly ) , the 2nd is the signal end product circuit: it can accurately react alterations of surface opposition of the detector. Figure No 2.2: Measuring Circuit of Sensor 2.2.6 Operation Principle The surface opposition of the detector RS is obtained through accomplished electromotive force signal end product of the burden opposition RL which series-wound. The relationship between them is described by 2.2.6.1:RSRL = ( VC-VRL ) / VRL 2.2.6.1Figure No 2.3 Clocking Diagram of Sensor Figure 2.3 shows alterable state of affairs of RL signal end product measured by utilizing Fig.2.2 Circuit Output signal, when the detector is shifted from clean air to Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) , Output Signal measuring is made within one or two complete heating period ( 2.5 minute from high electromotive force to low electromotive force ) . Sensitive bed of MQ-7 gas sensitive constituents is made of SnO2 with stableness. So, it has first-class long-run stableness. Its service life can make 5 old ages under utilizing status. 2.2.7 Sensitivity Adjustment for the Sensor Resistance value of MQ-7 is different to assorted sorts and concentration of gases. So, when utilizing these constituents, sensitiveness accommodation is really of import. It is recommended that the sensor is calibrated for 200ppm CO in air and Load opposition ( RL ) needed is about 10 KI © ( 5KI © to 47 KI © ) . For accurate measuring, the proper dismay point for the gas sensor should be determined after sing the temperature and humidness influence. The sensitiveness accommodation algorithm is as follows: a. Connect the detector to the application circuit. B. Turn on the power, Preheat through electricity for over 48 hours. c. Adjust the burden opposition RL until a signal value is obtained, which responds to a certain Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 90 seconds. d. Adjust another burden opposition RL until you get a signal value is obtained which is respond to a Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 60 seconds. Figure No 2.4: Sensitivity Features of the MQ-7 Fig.2.4 shows the typical Sensitivity Characteristics of the MQ-7 Sensor for several gases. Figure 2.5: gives the Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and Humidity Temp: 20i‚ °C: Humidity: 65 % : O2 concentration 21 % : RL=10kI © Ro: Detector Resistance at 100ppm CO in the clean air. Roentgen: Detector Resistance at assorted concentrations of gases. Figure No 2.5: Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and Humidity.CO Gas DetectorThe Micro-controller has many more grounds to be used than the microprocessors. Automatically controlled merchandises and devices, cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion and increasing informations transportation velocity, memory. The figure 3.1 gives the portion of the circuit of the thesis. Circuit Diagram of Gas Detector3.1 Automation after CO is detectedThis undertaking intends to get the better of the unsafe state of affairs that those three people found themselves in, on that fatal twenty-four hours. Using the Sensor MQ-7, after CO is detected, Emergency Automation and Control is provided, based on the degree of CO detected. From the tabular array 1.1, we see assorted degrees of CO in ppm. These degrees indicate the degrees of toxicity and its effects on Human Beings. The lock of the door, which is portion of the cardinal lockup system, is unbarred automatically. Redundantly, a doorbell is sounded to bespeak that the doors are unbarred to enable speedy issue from the auto. As already explained, when the first degree of CO is reached, the slit on top of the auto opens leting fresh air to come in in, while the exhaust fan removes CO from indoors. The consequence of this operation can be witnessed on the LCD, where the CO degree lessenings. Redundancy is implemented here in the signifier of two exigency actions taking topographic point at the same clip. By and large, this degree is non reached because the first action is really good in cut downing the CO degree inside the auto. But, in dire fortunes, when there is an exponential buildup of CO degree in the auto, due to unknown grounds and the first action is turn outing to be inefficient, the 2nd exigency action takes over. Hence, Redundancy is besides implemented here for Safety. Following actions take topographic point on making the 2nd degree. The doors are unbarred automatically. An exact reproduction of a existent auto door mechanism is used here.4.1. Future EnhancementThe particular characteristics of this â€Å" GSM Based CO Gas Leak Sensing Using Embedded System † have been discussed in the old chapters. Now let us see how this undertaking can be enhanced in the hereafter with the latest approaching engineerings.This undertaking being a crisis direction mechanization system can be enhanced with the WAP engineering. With this the current readings of the degree of the CO degrees or the other parametric quantities involved can be sent through to a few of import Mobile phones when risky degrees are reached. Besides this can be used in assorted other state of affairss like mills, industries and other topographic points where CO buildup may happen. The chief difference in the undertaking would be to take the appropriate CO detector as the state of affairs requires. CO Sensors with higher degrees of sensitiveness are available.4.2 DecisionA really accurate and effectual method to observe CO degrees within inside a auto has been devised. Besides two degrees of mechanization have been incorporated to battle any addition in CO degrees within the auto. The whole undertaking is really cost effectual and can be implemented in any sort of auto right from the basic theoretical account to the luxury autos. The life of the CO detector is besides really long and its dependability is really good. Besides assorted other parametric quantities can be continuously monitored and displayed in the show. This adds diverseness to the undertaking and enables multi tasking.

Cayleys Sextic Essays - Algebraic Curves, Equations, Polynomials

Cayley's Sextic Essays - Algebraic Curves, Equations, Polynomials Cayley's Sextic The curve, Cayleys Sextic can be described by the Cartesian equation: 4(x^2 + y^2 ax)^3 = 27a^2(x^2 + y^2)^2. It is the involute of a nephroiod curve because of its slight kidney shape and because they are parallel curves. This curve was first discovered by a mathematician by the name of Colin Maclaurin. Maclaurin who was born in February of 1698, became a student at Glasgow University in Scotland during his early teen years. It was here that he discovered his abilities in mathematics and began working towards a future in geometry and mathematics. In 1717 Maclaurin was given the job as the professor of mathematics at Marischal College in the University of Aberdeen. Later during his mathematical career, Maclaurin wrote Geometrica Organica, a book which displayed early ideas of what later becomes known as the curve, Cayleys Sextic. The actual man credited with the distinct discovery of Cayleys Sextic is the man it is named after, Arthur Cayley. Cayley, who had a family of English ancestry, lived in St. Petersburg, Russia during his childhood where he attended his first years of schooling. In 1835 he began attending Kings College School in England because of his promise as a mathematician. After Cayley became a lawyer and studied math during his spare time, publishing papers in various mathematical journals. These journals were later looked at by Archibald and in a paper published in 1900 in Strasbourg he gave Cayley the honor of having the curve named after him. Cayleys Sextic The polar form of the equation for the curve, Cayleys Sextic, is shown as: r = 4a cos^3 (q/3). For the specific equation for the graph, the polar form is the equation of greatest ease of use. Use 1 in place of a and switch the calculator to polar form. The best viewing window for this graph is q min= -360; q max= 360; q step= 10; x-min= -5; x-max= 5; x scale= 1; y-min= -5; y-max= 5; y scale= 1. This window and equation will give an excellent picture of the curve, Cayleys Sextic. When a is increased in the equation for the curve, the entire curve increases in size, giving it a larger area. The value for x is greatly increased on the right side positive y-axis, while the value for x on the left side negative y-axis becomes gradually more negative at a much lower rate then that of the right side positive y-axis. The y values for the curve increase and decrease at the same rate on both sides of the x axis when the value of a changes. When the value of a becomes negative, the curve is flipped over the y-axis. When the value of a decreases to a lower negative number the area of the curve increases giving it a larger area. The value for x in greatly increased on the left side, negative y-axis, while the x on the right side positive y-axis becomes gradually more positive at a much lower rate then that of the left side negative y-axis. The y values once again increase and decrease at the same rate on both sides of the x-axis when the value of a changes.